本文選題：庚辛“西狩”　切入點(diǎn)：長安　出處：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：光緒二十六年七月二十一日,在八國聯(lián)軍侵襲下,慈禧攜光緒及若干親王大臣倉皇西逃,一直到光緒二十七年十一月二十八日重新回到北京,歷時(shí)共511天,橫跨庚子辛丑年,官方史學(xué)美其名日“庚子西狩”。就在到達(dá)長安不久后,慈禧就頒布了實(shí)行新政的上諭,這即開啟了晚清十年的新政,推動(dòng)了中國的現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程。為何在此時(shí)滿清統(tǒng)治者會(huì)以推動(dòng)者的姿態(tài)同意新政?作為最高權(quán)力者的慈禧在其中起了多大作用?她在切身經(jīng)歷庚子之變后,為何會(huì)從變法的被動(dòng)者、乃至扼殺者變成推動(dòng)變法的主動(dòng)者等,都將在本文得到簡要的梳理。 本文除附錄、結(jié)語等,具體分為五章進(jìn)行論述： 第一章主要從一個(gè)比較新穎的視角分析了慈禧一行“西狩”的歷史與現(xiàn)實(shí)背景。傳統(tǒng)史學(xué)觀點(diǎn)往往以義和團(tuán)運(yùn)動(dòng)與八國聯(lián)軍侵華為其背景,而本文將此背景鎖定在甲午戰(zhàn)爭之后的戊戌維新,以及晚清以來民間與官府積蓄已久的仇洋意識。一方面點(diǎn)明義和團(tuán)被清政府所利用,尤其是因?yàn)樽鳛樽罡邫?quán)力者的慈禧與洋人素有仇恨,她的任何決策都帶有決定性的效力,如此視之也就不應(yīng)否認(rèn)她對發(fā)起新政所起的作用；另一方面則是在戊戌的背景下,以中樞人員變動(dòng)為角度來梳理慈禧向六國宣戰(zhàn)的助推力量。 第二章主要介紹了慈禧在西狩之初的情境與詔幸西安的決定。本章大體以時(shí)間為順序分為三個(gè)部分：第一部分提出了慈禧一行在出走之始的幾個(gè)問題,突顯其倉皇潦倒的情形；第二部分則以簡要的筆錄記述了從直隸懷來縣至山西太原路途中,其一行隊(duì)伍的休整與慈禧在落難中的心理感受；第三部分即為本論文第三章的序幕,即慈禧下詔巡幸西安的旨意,及將西安作為庚辛之際臨時(shí)行在的理由。 第三章主要梳理了慈禧“西狩”長安期間的吃穿用度,以及對陜西當(dāng)?shù)氐氖┱?xiàng)等。此部分內(nèi)容在一些正史、野史中有零散地記錄。考慮到筆者的知識局限與能力不足,僅將慈禧在此期間的吃穿住行做以歸納、梳理,并根據(jù)史料整理出慈禧在此期間為陜西省的賑濟(jì)救災(zāi)所做出的舉措,以及某些當(dāng)?shù)卣咭虼褥p識所獲得的殊榮,這可謂是慈禧難得的親民、善民舉動(dòng)。由此讓她切實(shí)感受到了民生疾苦,有了些許的節(jié)儉意識。 第四章主要探究了慈禧為回鑾所做的準(zhǔn)備與路途供張。第一部分的準(zhǔn)備工作包括向外國妥協(xié)、鎮(zhèn)壓義和團(tuán)、懲辦禍?zhǔn)�、賠款議和,東南互保等,因?yàn)檫@些內(nèi)容史學(xué)界已以其它視角多有研究,所以本文在此僅是簡略提及,并將側(cè)重點(diǎn)放在慈禧為保全自己推卸責(zé)任,不惜以更大代價(jià)維護(hù)自己的統(tǒng)治上。這體現(xiàn)了她雖經(jīng)禍患,但仍然是清政府的最高權(quán)力者。本章的第二部分則以較重的筆墨論述了慈禧在回鑾途中供張的奢侈,這與庚子倉皇西逃時(shí)形成了鮮明地對比,特別是慈禧在這一年多對外國態(tài)度的巨大轉(zhuǎn)變。 第五章主要論述了慈禧經(jīng)歷庚辛之變與清末新政肇始之間的關(guān)系。這亦是本文新的側(cè)重點(diǎn)。因?yàn)樵趥鹘y(tǒng)史學(xué)下已將新政發(fā)動(dòng)的諸多背景,諸如李鴻章與各國的議和、東南互保、駐外公使的合奏、俄占東三省、鎮(zhèn)壓義和團(tuán)、懲辦禍?zhǔn)椎?都或多或少早有論述。本文無意再進(jìn)行重復(fù)工作,加之筆者能力有限,無法駕馭如此龐大的課題,僅此以慈禧在西狩與回鑾的過程中,其個(gè)人的感觸為側(cè)重點(diǎn),將其作為發(fā)動(dòng)新政的諸多原因之一。此部分主要包括兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容：一方面是從實(shí)行新政的人員因素進(jìn)行分析,尤其是以袁世凱為例進(jìn)行論述；另一方面則又重點(diǎn)論述了慈禧在清末新政發(fā)動(dòng)方面的決定性作用,并且著重、系統(tǒng)地分析了其發(fā)動(dòng)新政的心理原因與歷史局限。 總之,在以往的史觀中,對慈禧發(fā)動(dòng)新政的動(dòng)機(jī)往往抱有懷疑、甚至否定的態(tài)度,尤其是新政的實(shí)施在一定的歷史角度上確實(shí)成為加速清朝滅亡的助推器。但是,隨著近年來對新政,及慈禧個(gè)人的研究不斷深入,學(xué)界開始以一種“理解”地態(tài)度,深入到其所處的社會(huì)大環(huán)境中看待慈禧對新政所做的些許積極意義。不可置否,其發(fā)動(dòng)新政是以維持其統(tǒng)治為根本出發(fā)點(diǎn)的,是不得不做的抉擇,但是經(jīng)歷過“庚辛西狩”后的慈禧,終于還從內(nèi)心深處對新政有了最為迫切的訴求,雖然這種訴求本身仍帶有巨大的局限性。正如陳旭麓評述到,新政是“一個(gè)頑固冥鈍的人物在嚴(yán)酷的時(shí)勢逼迫下產(chǎn)生的一點(diǎn)反思,是一種遲來而又易逝的反思”。
[Abstract]:Guangxu twenty-six years in July 21st, allied forces invasion, Ci Xi and Guangxu minister Prince and some fled in panic the west, until Guangxu twenty-seven years back in Beijing in November 28th, lasted 511 days, across the boxer Xin Chounian, the official history named "gengzi West hunting". It was shortly after arriving in Changan, Ci Xi issued as the implementation of the new deal, which opened a new deal in the late Qing Dynasty ten years, promoted the modernization process of China. Why at this time will be facilitator of the Qing rulers attitude agreed to the new deal? As the highest authority of Ci Xi played a big role in it? In her personal experience after the Boxer Rebellion, why from the passive method and, the strangler becomes the driving reform initiative, will be briefly in this paper.
In addition to the appendix, conclusion and so on, this article is divided into five chapters.
The first chapter mainly from a new perspective of the historical and realistic background for Ci Xi "West hunting". The traditional view is often in the Boxer Movement and allied forces invaded China as its background, and this background in the Sino Japanese war after the reform movement of 1898, and since the late Qing Dynasty folk and official pent up Qiu Yang consciousness. On the one hand and the point group is used by Ming Yi Qing government, especially as Ci Xi and foreigners the highest authority is known as the hatred, any decision with her decisive effect, so as it should not deny her to initiate the new role; on the other hand is in the under the background, the central personnel changes as the angle to comb Ci Xi to the war on boost power.
The second chapter mainly introduces the situation and Ci Xi Chao in West hunting at the beginning of the honor of Xi'an's decision. This chapter generally takes time as the order is divided into three parts: the first part presents Ci Xi in several problems leaving the beginning of the situation, highlighting the cut down; the second part briefly described in the record from Taiyuan to Shanxi Chihli Huailai County Road, and the rest of the team in Ci Xi for a victim in psychological feeling; the third part is the prelude to the third chapter of this thesis, namely Ci Xi Xiazhao will tour Xi'an, and Xi'an as Xinzhi as temporary row in G for.
The third chapter mainly introduces Ci Xi "West hunting" in Changan during the period of Shaanxi local everyday food and clothing, and so on. This part of the policy elements in some unofficial history, have scattered records. Considering the limitations of knowledge and ability of the weak, only Ci Xi during the period of living makes a summary, carding, and according to historical data sorting out Ci Xi during this period as Shaanxi province relief made the move, and some local acquired by Ci Xi appreciation award, this is Ci Xi is the rare people, good people move. Thus let her feel the hardships of the people, have some sense of frugality.
The fourth chapter mainly explores the road ready with what Ci Xi did for Luan for the first part of the preparatory work. Including the foreign concessions, putting down the Boxer Indemnity, punish the culprit, and, because the content of the mutual protection in the southeast, historians has other perspectives have studied a lot, so this is only briefly mentioned, and will focus put the responsibility for the preservation of their own in Ci Xi, at a higher price to maintain their own rule. It reflects her in spite of the scourge, but is still the supreme power of the Qing government. The second part of this chapter is to heavy ink discusses Ci Xi in the way for the luxury of Zhang Luan, this stark to contrast with the panic fled West, especially Ci Xi in more than a year of foreign attitudes about the great changes.
The fifth chapter mainly discusses Ci Xi after the incident of Gengxin and a relationship between the onset of late Qing Dynasty. This is also a new focus. Because the traditional historiography has many new background to launch, and Li Hongzhang and other countries, such as Southeast mutual, envoys of the ensemble, Russia accounted for the northeast, suppressing the boxers, punish the culprit. That is more or less has been discussed. This article has no intention to repeat the work, and the limited ability of the author, not to control such a huge task, just as Ci Xi in the West Kano and Luan, their personal feelings as the focus, as one of the many reasons to launch the new deal. This part mainly includes two contents: on the one hand is analyzed from the factors of the implementation of the new deal of the staff, especially in the case of Yuan Shikai is discussed; on the other hand, it focuses on Ci Xi in the late Qing Dynasty launched the decisive role The psychological and historical limitations of the new policy are systematically analyzed.
In short, in the past of history, Ci Xi launched a new motivation often have doubts, even negative attitude, especially the implementation of the new deal is accelerated the demise of the Qing Dynasty in the history of the booster of a certain angle. However, with the recent research on the new deal, and Ci Xi's personal development, scholars began to start a "understanding" attitude, deep into a positive social environment in the view of Ci Xi's new deal. Admittedly, the launch of the new deal is the fundamental starting point to maintain its rule, is to choose to do, but experienced "Xinxi Geng Shou" after Ci Xi. Finally from the heart to deal with the most urgent demand, although the appeal itself is still a huge limitations. As Chen Xulu observes, "the new deal is a stubborn character in Hades blunt harsh situation forced the A little reflection is a late and perishable reflection.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：K252

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