本文選題：難民　切入點：難民救濟　出處：《華中師范大學》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：難民是戰(zhàn)時中國大地上一道傷感的風景線,國民政府轉(zhuǎn)變自古以來的救濟思想,視難民為抗戰(zhàn)力量的一部分,積極加以組織和訓練。另外,為了從根本上救濟難民,提出了寓救濟于生產(chǎn)的口號,采取了舉辦難民工廠、難民墾殖、小本借貸、工藝培訓所等許多積極救濟行為。 我國西南大后方荒地非常廣袤,難民當中又有許多農(nóng)民參雜其中。開展難民墾殖,既有利于開發(fā)荒地,又有利于救濟難民,所以成為抗戰(zhàn)時期輿論普遍支持的一種救濟措施,在許多省份開展了難民墾殖運動。 江西由于國共十年的對峙,境內(nèi)荒地資源豐富,勞動力少�？箲�(zhàn)初期沿海省份的快速淪陷,使得大量難民向后方遷移。江西在地理位置上處于西南大后方的最前線,成為了難民往大后方遷移的中轉(zhuǎn)站。上百萬難民的到來為江西帶來了大量勞動力,江西積極調(diào)查荒地,劃分地權,選收難民,開辦墾場。 然而,難民墾殖存在著其復雜性,戰(zhàn)局的變化使難民心理不穩(wěn),使有些難民不敢做長久停留的打算,選收的時候往往很難選到合格的墾民；劃分墾地時,為了方便快速地救濟難民,在處理地權的時候多采取強制措施,把認為是荒地的地權收歸政府所有,分配給難民墾種,墾民具有永久使用權,這給日后墾民與當?shù)孛癖娭g發(fā)生矛盾埋下了隱憂；為了嚴密對墾民的監(jiān)督管理,把墾民編入當?shù)乇＜?墾民與當?shù)孛癖娪捎谟星猩淼睦嬷疇?導致多發(fā)生當?shù)乇＜灼蹓簤竦陌讣�；墾務處成立�?提供給墾民的是享受五年免服兵役與繳納賦稅的優(yōu)惠政策,五年過后,戰(zhàn)爭仍然沒有結束,墾民的生活也沒有得到太大的改善,優(yōu)惠政策的到期使得大量墾民無法繼續(xù)維持生活,只能選擇退墾。 難民墾殖當中存在的困難和問題,某種程度上反映了戰(zhàn)時國民政府社會救濟行政存在的一些不足。主要是三方面的問題：組織、經(jīng)費、人才。制度建構上的缺陷,加上自然災害和物價飛漲的影響,難民墾殖既取得了寓救濟于生產(chǎn)的成效,卻又無法救濟更多的難民,其內(nèi)在存在的各種問題,值得后人深省。
[Abstract]:Refugees were a sad scene on China's land during the war. The National Government changed its relief thinking since ancient times and regarded refugees as a part of the forces of resistance and actively organized and trained them. In addition, in order to help the refugees fundamentally, The slogan of combining relief with production is put forward, and many positive relief actions such as organizing refugee factories, resettlement and cultivation of refugees, small loans and technical training institutes are adopted. The wasteland in the southwest of China is very vast, and many of the refugees are involved in it. The development of refugee reclamation is not only conducive to the development of wasteland but also to the relief of refugees, so it has become a relief measure generally supported by public opinion during the War of Resistance against Japan. Refugee resettlement campaigns were carried out in many provinces. Due to the confrontation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China for ten years, the wasteland in Jiangxi is rich in resources and labor force is few. The rapid fall of coastal provinces in the early period of the War of Resistance against Japan made a large number of refugees move to the rear. Jiangxi is geographically at the front line in the southwest rear area. The arrival of millions of refugees brought a large number of labor force to Jiangxi, which actively investigated wasteland, divided land rights, selected refugees and opened reclamation farms. However, refugee resettlement has its own complexity. The changes in the situation of war have made the refugees mentally unstable and some refugees dare not plan to stay for a long time. It is often difficult to select qualified reclamation people at the time of selection of income; when reclaimed land is divided, In order to facilitate the rapid relief of the refugees, more coercive measures were taken when dealing with land rights, so that the land rights considered to be wasteland were taken into the government's possession and distributed to the refugees for cultivation, so that the reclamation people would have the permanent right to use them. In order to strictly supervise and manage the reclamation people, they were incorporated into the local defense system, and the reclamation people and the local people had an immediate interest in the struggle for their own interests. This led to the occurrence of cases in which the local armed forces oppressed the people. After the establishment of the Reclamation Office, the reclamation office provided the reclamation people with a preferential policy of five years' exemption from military service and payment of taxes. Five years later, the war was still not over. The life of reclamation people has not been greatly improved, the expiration of preferential policies make a large number of reclamation people can not continue to maintain their livelihood, can only choose reclamation. The difficulties and problems in refugee resettlement to some extent reflect the deficiencies in the administration of social relief in the wartime national government. They are mainly threefold problems: organization, funds, talents, defects in the construction of the system. Combined with the impact of natural disasters and soaring prices, refugee reclamation has not only achieved relief in production, but also can not help more refugees, its inherent problems are worthy of deep reflection.
【學位授予單位】：華中師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K265

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