本文選題：難民　切入點(diǎn)：難民救濟(jì)　出處：《華中師范大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：難民是戰(zhàn)時(shí)中國(guó)大地上一道傷感的風(fēng)景線,國(guó)民政府轉(zhuǎn)變自古以來(lái)的救濟(jì)思想,視難民為抗戰(zhàn)力量的一部分,積極加以組織和訓(xùn)練。另外,為了從根本上救濟(jì)難民,提出了寓救濟(jì)于生產(chǎn)的口號(hào),采取了舉辦難民工廠、難民墾殖、小本借貸、工藝培訓(xùn)所等許多積極救濟(jì)行為。 我國(guó)西南大后方荒地非常廣袤,難民當(dāng)中又有許多農(nóng)民參雜其中。開(kāi)展難民墾殖,既有利于開(kāi)發(fā)荒地,又有利于救濟(jì)難民,所以成為抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期輿論普遍支持的一種救濟(jì)措施,在許多省份開(kāi)展了難民墾殖運(yùn)動(dòng)。 江西由于國(guó)共十年的對(duì)峙,境內(nèi)荒地資源豐富,勞動(dòng)力少�？箲�(zhàn)初期沿海省份的快速淪陷,使得大量難民向后方遷移。江西在地理位置上處于西南大后方的最前線,成為了難民往大后方遷移的中轉(zhuǎn)站。上百萬(wàn)難民的到來(lái)為江西帶來(lái)了大量勞動(dòng)力,江西積極調(diào)查荒地,劃分地權(quán),選收難民,開(kāi)辦墾場(chǎng)。 然而,難民墾殖存在著其復(fù)雜性,戰(zhàn)局的變化使難民心理不穩(wěn),使有些難民不敢做長(zhǎng)久停留的打算,選收的時(shí)候往往很難選到合格的墾民；劃分墾地時(shí),為了方便快速地救濟(jì)難民,在處理地權(quán)的時(shí)候多采取強(qiáng)制措施,把認(rèn)為是荒地的地權(quán)收歸政府所有,分配給難民墾種,墾民具有永久使用權(quán),這給日后墾民與當(dāng)?shù)孛癖娭g發(fā)生矛盾埋下了隱憂；為了嚴(yán)密對(duì)墾民的監(jiān)督管理,把墾民編入當(dāng)?shù)乇＜?墾民與當(dāng)?shù)孛癖娪捎谟星猩淼睦嬷疇?zhēng),導(dǎo)致多發(fā)生當(dāng)?shù)乇＜灼蹓簤竦陌讣�；墾�?wù)處成立后,提供給墾民的是享受五年免服兵役與繳納賦稅的優(yōu)惠政策,五年過(guò)后,戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)仍然沒(méi)有結(jié)束,墾民的生活也沒(méi)有得到太大的改善,優(yōu)惠政策的到期使得大量墾民無(wú)法繼續(xù)維持生活,只能選擇退墾。 難民墾殖當(dāng)中存在的困難和問(wèn)題,某種程度上反映了戰(zhàn)時(shí)國(guó)民政府社會(huì)救濟(jì)行政存在的一些不足。主要是三方面的問(wèn)題：組織、經(jīng)費(fèi)、人才。制度建構(gòu)上的缺陷,加上自然災(zāi)害和物價(jià)飛漲的影響,難民墾殖既取得了寓救濟(jì)于生產(chǎn)的成效,卻又無(wú)法救濟(jì)更多的難民,其內(nèi)在存在的各種問(wèn)題,值得后人深省。
[Abstract]:Refugees were a sad scene on China's land during the war. The National Government changed its relief thinking since ancient times and regarded refugees as a part of the forces of resistance and actively organized and trained them. In addition, in order to help the refugees fundamentally, The slogan of combining relief with production is put forward, and many positive relief actions such as organizing refugee factories, resettlement and cultivation of refugees, small loans and technical training institutes are adopted. The wasteland in the southwest of China is very vast, and many of the refugees are involved in it. The development of refugee reclamation is not only conducive to the development of wasteland but also to the relief of refugees, so it has become a relief measure generally supported by public opinion during the War of Resistance against Japan. Refugee resettlement campaigns were carried out in many provinces. Due to the confrontation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China for ten years, the wasteland in Jiangxi is rich in resources and labor force is few. The rapid fall of coastal provinces in the early period of the War of Resistance against Japan made a large number of refugees move to the rear. Jiangxi is geographically at the front line in the southwest rear area. The arrival of millions of refugees brought a large number of labor force to Jiangxi, which actively investigated wasteland, divided land rights, selected refugees and opened reclamation farms. However, refugee resettlement has its own complexity. The changes in the situation of war have made the refugees mentally unstable and some refugees dare not plan to stay for a long time. It is often difficult to select qualified reclamation people at the time of selection of income; when reclaimed land is divided, In order to facilitate the rapid relief of the refugees, more coercive measures were taken when dealing with land rights, so that the land rights considered to be wasteland were taken into the government's possession and distributed to the refugees for cultivation, so that the reclamation people would have the permanent right to use them. In order to strictly supervise and manage the reclamation people, they were incorporated into the local defense system, and the reclamation people and the local people had an immediate interest in the struggle for their own interests. This led to the occurrence of cases in which the local armed forces oppressed the people. After the establishment of the Reclamation Office, the reclamation office provided the reclamation people with a preferential policy of five years' exemption from military service and payment of taxes. Five years later, the war was still not over. The life of reclamation people has not been greatly improved, the expiration of preferential policies make a large number of reclamation people can not continue to maintain their livelihood, can only choose reclamation. The difficulties and problems in refugee resettlement to some extent reflect the deficiencies in the administration of social relief in the wartime national government. They are mainly threefold problems: organization, funds, talents, defects in the construction of the system. Combined with the impact of natural disasters and soaring prices, refugee reclamation has not only achieved relief in production, but also can not help more refugees, its inherent problems are worthy of deep reflection.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K265

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