發(fā)布時間：2018-02-27 00:38

  本文關鍵詞： 中央氣象局 《天氣旬報》 氣象　出處：《重慶師范大學》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：中國的氣象研究具有悠久的歷史,歷代封建王朝設立的觀測機構留下了豐富的氣象知識和資料,隨著西方資本主義的發(fā)展,西方的傳教士首先來到中國,以傳教、傳播西方文化、科技等友好方式為主進行交流。鴉片戰(zhàn)爭后,西方侵略者陸續(xù)來到中國,侵略的同時亦插手中國的內政,由西方侵略者主導的中國近代氣象事業(yè)由此開始。西方侵略者在中國設立各種氣象機構,辛亥革命后,中華民國的成立使得一部分進步人士進入國家管理階層,氣象事業(yè)得到他們的重視,人才的培養(yǎng)和機構的建設都提上日程,但受軍閥割據混戰(zhàn)的影響,氣象事業(yè)發(fā)展緩慢且雜亂無章,這一時期仍有部分帝國主義插手中國的氣象事業(yè)。南京國民政府成立后,建立全國性的氣象主管部門的條件成熟,眾多氣象學家亦紛紛響應,但依舊沒有受到政府的重視。九一八事變后,時局更加不穩(wěn),氣象工作者更加有心無力。1937年七七事變,抗日戰(zhàn)爭全面爆發(fā),氣象機構大多也隨著南京國民政府遷往重慶,隨著戰(zhàn)局的穩(wěn)定和氣象對戰(zhàn)爭的重要性的突出,統(tǒng)一規(guī)劃、管理全國氣象事業(yè)的行政機關——中央氣象局成立。中央氣象局成立后不久,即發(fā)行《全國天氣旬報》,簡稱《天氣旬報》,受戰(zhàn)爭環(huán)境影響,《天氣旬報》以服務軍事為主,其他部門獲取《天氣旬報》有嚴格的規(guī)定�！短鞖庋畧蟆分猩婕暗降臏y候城市數量分為5個發(fā)展階段。其中第二階段和第四階段受戰(zhàn)爭影響測候城市數量有所減少,其他時期皆為緩慢發(fā)展狀態(tài)。《天氣旬報》對霧天、霾、沙塵等特殊天氣的統(tǒng)計是其最大特點,其中對霧天的統(tǒng)計又和當時的重慶大轟炸有所關聯。《天氣旬報》亦存在分布范圍小、測候城市分布不均衡、個別城市持續(xù)性差、結構較為單一等不足�！短鞖庋畧蟆返膭�(chuàng)刊和重慶大轟炸進入零星轟炸階段時間相近,重慶多霧的天氣決定了戰(zhàn)爭雙方對天氣都尤為重視。重慶大轟炸前期,日機數量多,明顯占據優(yōu)勢,而重慶的防空力量才剛剛開始部署,在這一時期,日機利用晴天方便觀察對重慶及周邊地區(qū)進行了慘無人道的戰(zhàn)略性轟炸。太平洋戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)后,日軍空軍力量被調往太平洋戰(zhàn)場,對重慶的轟炸大大減少,進入零星轟炸階段,此時的重慶防空力量得到加強,同時又得益于盟軍支援戰(zhàn)機和訓練飛行員,實力有所加強,這一時期日軍對重慶的轟炸時間進行了調整,利用霧天掩護日機轟炸�！短鞖庋畧蟆吩诖蠛蠓浇ㄔO中也起到了一定的作用。
[Abstract]:The meteorological research in China has a long history. The observation institutions set up by the feudal dynasties have left behind abundant meteorological knowledge and materials. With the development of western capitalism, Western missionaries first came to China to preach. After the Opium War, Western invaders came to China one after another, and at the same time they also intervened in China's internal affairs. The western invaders set up various meteorological institutions in China. After the Revolution of 1911, the founding of the Republic of China enabled some progressive people to enter the state administration. The meteorological cause has received their attention. The training of talents and the building of institutions are on the agenda. However, influenced by the melee of warlords, the meteorological cause develops slowly and in a chaotic way. During this period, some imperialists still intervened in China's meteorological undertakings. After the establishment of the Nanjing National Government, the conditions for establishing national meteorological departments were ripe, and many meteorologists responded one after another. After the 918 incident, the situation became more unstable and the meteorological workers were even more powerless. In 1937, the Anti-Japanese War broke out in an all-round way, and most of the meteorological organizations moved to Chongqing with the Nanjing National Government. With the stability of the war situation and the outstanding importance of meteorology to the war, the Central Meteorological Bureau, the administrative organ for unified planning and management of national meteorological undertakings, was set up. Shortly after the establishment of the Central Meteorological Bureau, That is, to issue the "National Weather report in Ten days," or "Weather report in Ten days," which is influenced by the war environment, and the "Weather Ten days report" is mainly devoted to serving the military. The number of weather cities involved in the report is divided into five stages of development. The number of war-affected cities has decreased in the second and 4th phases. Other periods are slow development. Statistics on special weather conditions, such as smog, haze, dust and so on, are its biggest characteristics. The statistics on foggy days are also related to the heavy bombing in Chongqing at that time. The "Weather report" also has a small distribution range, the distribution of weather cities is uneven, and the persistence of individual cities is poor. The structure is relatively simple and so on. The time between the founding of the Weatherday News and the sporadic bombing phase of the Chongqing bombing is close. The foggy weather in Chongqing determines that both sides of the war attach particular importance to the weather. In the early days of the large-scale bombing in Chongqing, there were a large number of Japanese planes. Clear dominance, and Chongqing's air defense forces are only just beginning to deploy. During this period, Japanese planes used sunny days to observe the inhuman and strategic bombing of Chongqing and its surrounding areas. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, When the Japanese air force was redeployed to the Pacific battlefield, the bombing of Chongqing was greatly reduced, and it entered the stage of sporadic bombing. At this time, the air defense forces in Chongqing were strengthened, and at the same time, thanks to the Allied support fighters and the training of pilots, their strength was strengthened. During this period, the Japanese army adjusted the bombing time of Chongqing and used the foggy days to cover the bombing. The Weatherday newspaper also played a certain role in the construction of the rear area.
【學位授予單位】：重慶師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K26

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