本文關(guān)鍵詞：戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與醫(yī)療：日本在華同仁會(huì)研究（1937-1945）　出處：《南京大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

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【摘要】：明治維新以后,日本政府對(duì)外殖民野心不斷膨脹,醫(yī)學(xué)界也積極參與到對(duì)外、特別是對(duì)華的活動(dòng)中。1902年,日本財(cái)團(tuán)法人同仁會(huì)在東京成立,公開(kāi)的目標(biāo)是向中國(guó)、朝鮮等東亞國(guó)家傳播先進(jìn)的醫(yī)學(xué)知識(shí)并改善其醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生狀況,計(jì)劃在各國(guó)設(shè)醫(yī)院、建醫(yī)學(xué)校、派遣醫(yī)藥學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)人員。同仁會(huì)從成立至1937年七七事變爆發(fā),其在華活動(dòng)分為三個(gè)階段：1902至1912年的十年間,為同仁會(huì)草創(chuàng)期,該會(huì)派出的醫(yī)療人員分散在中國(guó)各地,并在東北地區(qū)開(kāi)設(shè)安東、營(yíng)口兩所醫(yī)院;1912至1925年,同仁會(huì)將東北的醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)移交給滿鐵,全力轉(zhuǎn)向中國(guó)內(nèi)地,建設(shè)了北京與漢口兩所醫(yī)院,面向中日民眾提供服務(wù);1925至1937年,同仁會(huì)接管青島和濟(jì)南的醫(yī)院。此間,以北京、漢口、青島、濟(jì)南四所醫(yī)院為立足點(diǎn),開(kāi)展巡回診療、醫(yī)學(xué)調(diào)查、醫(yī)療教育、醫(yī)學(xué)出版等活動(dòng)。1937年,日本侵華戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā),同仁會(huì)的在華活動(dòng),迅速由平時(shí)的醫(yī)學(xué)交流轉(zhuǎn)為戰(zhàn)時(shí)“醫(yī)療救護(hù)”。在外務(wù)省指導(dǎo)下,同仁會(huì)派遣診療班到華北、華中等日占區(qū),配合當(dāng)?shù)厝哲娤蛑袊?guó)民眾施行免費(fèi)及低價(jià)醫(yī)療活動(dòng)。在診療同時(shí),同仁會(huì)還開(kāi)展大規(guī)模的防疫活動(dòng),從設(shè)立防疫部到建成防疫處,逐步完成了在華防疫體系。同仁會(huì)的防疫活動(dòng)涉及檢疫接種、調(diào)查研究、藥劑制作、防疫宣講、教育培訓(xùn)等多個(gè)方面,全面主導(dǎo)和控制了日軍占領(lǐng)區(qū)的防疫工作。日本侵華期間,同仁會(huì)除開(kāi)展診療和防疫兩大“事業(yè)”外,還致力于醫(yī)學(xué)教育、研究及出版工作。其醫(yī)學(xué)教育又分為診療班附屬醫(yī)護(hù)教育和醫(yī)科學(xué)校教育,后者包括青島東亞醫(yī)科學(xué)院和上海同仁大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院兩所專(zhuān)門(mén)學(xué)校。研究活動(dòng)最初由防疫機(jī)關(guān)兼顧,但衛(wèi)生研究所設(shè)立后,醫(yī)學(xué)研究從防疫體系中獨(dú)立出來(lái),與防疫機(jī)關(guān)并行合作開(kāi)展活動(dòng)。出版方面,同仁會(huì)的中文雜志在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)開(kāi)始后很快被廢止,日文雜志則稍作改革,較戰(zhàn)前更加專(zhuān)注于刊載對(duì)中國(guó)的醫(yī)學(xué)研究成果。同仁會(huì)戰(zhàn)時(shí)在華活動(dòng)有著鮮明的階段性與地域性。同仁會(huì)的發(fā)展以日本官方主管機(jī)構(gòu)的變更為標(biāo)志,從接受外務(wù)省文化事業(yè)部的管轄和補(bǔ)助,轉(zhuǎn)由興亞院及其現(xiàn)地機(jī)構(gòu)管理,最終歸于大東亞省統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃,同仁會(huì)在管理的統(tǒng)合下由松散走向有序,并逐步系統(tǒng)化、規(guī)�；�。同仁會(huì)的地域性特征表現(xiàn)在,它先設(shè)華北、華中支部,后向南北雙向擴(kuò)張,成立蒙疆支部和海南島支部,通過(guò)各支部來(lái)分區(qū)統(tǒng)理人員調(diào)配、工作安排等;同時(shí),同仁會(huì)立足于城市,向農(nóng)村擴(kuò)展,并根據(jù)城鄉(xiāng)的不同特征分別采取醫(yī)院經(jīng)營(yíng)和巡回診療兩類(lèi)不同活動(dòng)形式。同仁會(huì)戰(zhàn)時(shí)在中國(guó)的醫(yī)療活動(dòng)并不是孤立的,它與所在地的日本占領(lǐng)軍、日本社會(huì)團(tuán)體、偽政府機(jī)關(guān)等各方勢(shì)力都有密切聯(lián)系。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)初始,日軍直接“托管”同仁會(huì),指導(dǎo)同仁會(huì)開(kāi)展宣撫工作。同仁會(huì)脫離日軍“托管”后,則在日軍特務(wù)機(jī)關(guān)的監(jiān)督下,接管歐美系醫(yī)院,搶掠占領(lǐng)地的醫(yī)療資源;上海自然科學(xué)研究所等日本在華團(tuán)體也與同仁會(huì)積極合作,“共謀發(fā)展”;偽政府則通過(guò)日本官方機(jī)構(gòu)與同仁會(huì)達(dá)成開(kāi)設(shè)醫(yī)院、進(jìn)行醫(yī)療調(diào)查等方面的協(xié)作。日本侵華戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間,同仁會(huì)幫助日本政府在占領(lǐng)區(qū)實(shí)行“殖民醫(yī)學(xué)”探索,它與博愛(ài)會(huì)、善鄰協(xié)會(huì)、滿鐵衛(wèi)生醫(yī)療設(shè)施等共同組成了日本在華醫(yī)療控制網(wǎng)絡(luò),全面深入中國(guó)社會(huì)。在日本侵華的大背景之下,同仁會(huì)以傳播先進(jìn)醫(yī)學(xué)為名,行壟斷、搶掠醫(yī)療資源之實(shí),嚴(yán)重侵害了中國(guó)的醫(yī)療行政主權(quán)及中國(guó)民眾的利益。
[Abstract]:After the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government's foreign colonial ambition continues to expand, the medical profession is also actively involved in international activities in China, especially in.1902, Japan Tongren consortium Corporation was founded in Tokyo, the goal is to open China, North Korea and other East Asian countries to spread advanced medical knowledge and improve their health status, plan design the hospital in the world, built medical school to send medicine professionals. Erupt from inception to 1937 77 incident Tongren, its activities in China is divided into three stages: from 1902 to 1912 of ten years, for people starting period, this will send medical personnel scattered in Chinese around, and the creation of Anton in the northeast. The two hospital in Yingkou; from 1912 to 1925, people will be transferred to medical institutions in Northeast Mantetsu, turned to full Chinese mainland, the construction of the Beijing and Hankou two hospitals in Japan, for people to provide services; 1925 to 1937 In 2008, Qingdao and Ji'nan will take over the Tongren Hospital. Here, in Beijing, Hankou, Qingdao, Ji'nan four hospitals as the starting point, carry out tour clinics, medical research, medical education, medical publishing activities such as.1937, the Japanese invasion of the outbreak of the war, people's activities in China, quickly from the usual medical exchange transfer in "medical". Under the guidance of my colleagues in the Ministry of foreign affairs, will send medical classes to the north, central and other Japanese occupied areas, with the local people to the Japanese Chinese implementation of free and low-cost medical activities in the treatment. At the same time, my colleagues will also carry out large-scale epidemic prevention activities, from the establishment of the Department of defense to completion of quarantine, and gradually completed in China the epidemic prevention system. Tongren prevention activities involved in quarantine inoculation, investigation, drug production, epidemic prevention propaganda, many aspects of education and training, leadership and control of the overall Japanese occupation area of prevention work. During the Japanese invasion of china, My colleagues will carry out medical and epidemic prevention except two "career", is also committed to medical education, research and publishing. The medical education is divided into school education and medical school affiliated medical education, which includes two special school of Qingdao Medical College and East Shanghai Tongren University School of medicine. The initial consideration by the epidemic prevention research activities but the establishment of the authority of health, medical research independence from epidemic prevention system in out cooperation activities in parallel with the epidemic prevention organs. Publication of the magazine, Tongren will Chinese soon after the war began to be abolished, the reform of Japanese magazine is slightly more before the war to focus more on medical research on Chinese published results. Tongren will the wartime activities in China have a stage and distinct regional development. Tongren in Japan will change as a sign of official authority, from the jurisdiction of the Ministry of foreign affairs of the Ministry of culture and Help, by local institutions and Xingya hospital management, and ultimately to overall planning of East Asia, Tongren in management integration from loose to orderly, and gradually systematic scale. Regional characteristics of Tongren will performance in the first set, North China, central China branch, South North two-way expansion, establishment of Mongolia Xinjiang branch and Hainan Island branch, through each branch to partition the unified management of personnel, work arrangements; at the same time, my colleagues will be based on the city, to the rural extension, and according to the different characteristics of urban and rural areas were taken hospital operation and diagnosis and treatment of two different types of tour activities. People in wartime Chinese medical activities and are not isolated. And it is the Japanese occupation, the Japanese puppet government organs and other social groups, the parties power is closely related to the start of the war, the Japanese directly managed Tongren Tongren guidance, will carry out the work from Tongren Xuan Fu. The Japanese "managed", in the supervision of the Japanese spy agencies, over Europe and the United States Department of the hospital, and occupied medical resources; Shanghai Institute of natural sciences in China and other Japanese groups also will actively cooperate with colleagues, "common development"; the puppet government will reach Japan by official institutions opened the hospital and Tongren, were cooperative medical care and other aspects of the investigation. During the Japanese invasion of China, my colleagues will help the Japanese government implemented the "colonial medicine" exploration in the occupied area, it will be good and love, Mantetsu Association, health care facilities and other common components of Japan in China Medical control network, comprehensive and in-depth China society. Under the background of Japan's invasion of China, Tongren with the spread of advanced medical name for the monopoly, looting of medical resources, a serious violation of the sovereignty and Chinese Chinese medical administrative public interests.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K265

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