本文關鍵詞：熊希齡內閣“減政”研究　出處：《華中師范大學》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關文章： 熊希齡內閣 整頓財政 減政

【摘要】：晚清以降,面對西方的壓力,清政府仿照西方建立現代國家制度以圖變革政治體制與政治結構。然而,卻造成了“紙張?zhí)煜隆钡恼畏e弊,冗員冗費大量產生。及至民國肇建,政府規(guī)模進一步擴大,呈現出臃腫態(tài)勢,使得減政成為時人的普遍呼聲。1913年9月,被譽為“第一流人才內閣”的熊希齡內閣組成,熊希齡、梁啟超等人欲圖刷新政治,有一番大作為。適逢財政困難,提出整頓財政的治標與治本之策,治本為整頓金融、改正稅制、改良國庫,是開源；治標則為減政,是節(jié)流。開源之策無法在短時間內解決財政難題,節(jié)流便成為最直接和最有效的方法,因此減政成為熊希齡內閣執(zhí)行最力、時間最長的一項政策。減政提出后,可聽到三種聲音。一是贊成應和聲,社會輿論多贊成減政,袁世凱、各省都督均表示贊成。各大報刊媒介也進行了大量宣傳,擴大了減政的影響力。二是反對聲,主要是低層職員因擔憂被裁撤而反對。三是冷靜的觀察者,站在利益場外分析減政可行與否,并為減政提出建議。減政范圍包括政權和軍事兩大系統,旨在裁減機構、裁汰冗員、裁減經費。在中央,總統府、實業(yè)部、司法部等部門表現最力,進行了較大規(guī)模的裁汰。在地方,各省情形不一,一些省份減政取得一定成效,如湖北、廣東和福建省,但多數省份則敷衍塞責,棄之如履。軍事系統方面,革命后軍隊大為擴張,以至民初軍費開支成為財政支出的主要部分,因此裁軍與縮減軍費也成為減政的重要內容。綜觀此次減政,原本只是作為治標之策,卻不料最后成為解決財政問題的主要手段。但取得的成效十分有限,所節(jié)約的部分經費對于艱窘的財政也不過杯水車薪。減政源于財政困難,而財政困難則因制度積弊,積弊不清除,減政反而越減越繁,與當政者所愿相背道。減政本是一項牽涉全國各機關部門的巨大工程,該經過周密計劃,長期循序漸進的推行。而民初的迫切局勢使得減政有先天不足后天失調的特征,致使矛盾在短時間內急劇爆發(fā),將減政淹沒在敷衍塞責的洪流中。
[Abstract]:In the late Qing Dynasty, in the face of western pressure, the Qing government set up a modern national system to reform the political system and political structure. However, it caused the "paper world" of the political legacy. When the Republic of China was established, the scale of the government was further expanded, showing a situation of bloated, so that the reduction of government became a popular voice of the people. September 1913. Xiong Xiling cabinet, known as the "first-class talent cabinet," Xiong Xiling, Liang Qichao and other people want to refresh politics, have a great deal of work. In order to rectify the financial system, correct the tax system and improve the treasury, it is an open source of revenue. The policy of increasing revenue cannot solve the financial problems in a short period of time, and cutting expenditure becomes the most direct and effective method. Therefore, the policy reduction has become the most effective way for Xiong Xiling's cabinet to carry out the policy reduction. After the policy reduction was proposed, three kinds of voices could be heard. First, the public opinion was in favour of the policy reduction, and Yuan Shikai was in favor of it. The provincial governors are all in favour. The major newspapers and media have also carried out a lot of propaganda, which has expanded the influence of the reduction. The second is the opposition, mainly because of the fear of being abolished by low-level staff, and the third is the calm observer. Standing on the sidelines of interests to analyze the feasibility of reducing government, and to make recommendations for the reduction of government. The scope of reduction includes two major systems of power and military, aimed at reducing institutions, eliminating redundant personnel, and cutting expenses. In the Central Committee, the Presidential Palace, and the Ministry of Industry. The Ministry of Justice and other departments have done the best, and have carried out large-scale retrenchment. At the local level, the situation in each province is different, and some provinces have achieved certain results in reducing government policies, such as Hubei, Guangdong and Fujian Province, but most provinces have been perfunctory. In the military system, the army expanded so much after the revolution that military expenditure became a major part of financial expenditure in the early days of the Republic of China, so that disarmament and military spending reduction also became an important part of the reduction of government affairs. Originally used as a palliative measure, but it turned out to be the main means of solving fiscal problems, but the results have been very limited. Some of the savings in the financial resources for difficult but also inadequate. The reduction of government is due to financial difficulties, and the financial difficulties because of the system, the accumulated disadvantages will not be eliminated, but the reduction of government is more and more complicated. Contrary to the wishes of those in power, the reduction of government was a huge project involving all the departments of the country and should have been carefully planned. The urgent situation at the beginning of the Republic of China made the reduction of government have the characteristics of natural deficiency and acquired imbalance, which caused the contradiction to break out in a short period of time, and the political reduction was submerged in the torrent of perfunctory responsibility.
【學位授予單位】：華中師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：K258

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