本文選題：清代 + 常關(guān)��； 參考：《上海師范大學(xué)》2006年博士論文

【摘要】： 近年來學(xué)術(shù)界對區(qū)域經(jīng)濟的研究方興未艾，成果不斷涌現(xiàn)。但以往研究所用資料，多為描述性的文獻，缺少比較準確的商品流通量，因而不同學(xué)者即使對同一經(jīng)濟區(qū)域的研究，所得結(jié)論也相差甚大。本文主要利用中國第一歷史檔案館所藏的關(guān)稅稅收檔案，運用長時段與短時段，實證與計量分析相結(jié)合的方法，以常關(guān)和區(qū)域經(jīng)濟之間的關(guān)系為中心，探討清代常關(guān)制度的發(fā)展與演變以及區(qū)域經(jīng)濟格局的變化。 中國關(guān)稅起源很早，但明代以前，關(guān)稅的財政作用不突出。明代鈔關(guān)的設(shè)立，有著明顯的財政目的，盡管其財政地位還不突出，但從關(guān)稅的發(fā)展看，處于承前繼后的地位。清政府不僅繼承了明代的鈔關(guān)制度，并且進行了許多重要創(chuàng)新，從而形成了一套遠比明代鈔關(guān)制度規(guī)范的清代常關(guān)制度。關(guān)稅收入也日益成為清政府的一項重要財政收入。 清朝常關(guān)的設(shè)立與發(fā)展，客觀上反映了全國范圍內(nèi)，長距離商品流通的繁榮和區(qū)域經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展程度，作為征收長途商品流通稅的常關(guān)，也與全國經(jīng)濟布局的變化相一致。 在常關(guān)與清前期區(qū)域經(jīng)濟的關(guān)系方面。本文對清代不同時期沿海、沿長江、沿運河、沿淮河、沿邊等眾多常關(guān)稅收變化，進行了詳細考察，著力探討各經(jīng)濟區(qū)域商品流通的變化與發(fā)展。清代前期大規(guī)模的商品流通，使地區(qū)之間建立了密切的經(jīng)濟聯(lián)系，使各區(qū)域調(diào)整經(jīng)濟布局、優(yōu)化資源配置成為可能，從而將處于不同發(fā)展階段的各個經(jīng)濟區(qū)域，聯(lián)結(jié)成一個有機整體。清代前期，中國經(jīng)濟格局呈現(xiàn)出發(fā)展的趨勢。 本文還通過對一口通商時期常關(guān)稅收的變化，，考察清代區(qū)域經(jīng)濟格局的變化狀況。清政府實行一口通商的原因，主要是為了嚴格管理外貿(mào)，以維護國家安全和社會穩(wěn)定。更重要的是，中國國內(nèi)統(tǒng)一市場體系的建立和完善，使大國經(jīng)濟對海外貿(mào)易依賴有限。 一口通商時期的初期，常關(guān)稅收有一個較大增長，后期稅收有所下降。但從稅收變化所反映出的商品流通看，一口通商時期的清代經(jīng)濟，總體而言，仍循著原有軌跡繼續(xù)向前發(fā)展。 近代以后，常關(guān)稅收急劇下降。它是伴隨著民族危機的加深、關(guān)稅自主權(quán)的日益喪失、近代貿(mào)易格局的變遷而不斷衰落的。海關(guān)稅、子口稅、厘金的開征以及海關(guān)吞并常關(guān)，是導(dǎo)致常關(guān)衰落的具體原因。 清政府對常關(guān)的改革，整體而言，見效甚微。在國家主權(quán)喪失的條件下，常關(guān)改革與其他改革一樣，必然陷于失敗，這是清政府無法解決的問題。 但是，近代以后各區(qū)域市場商品流通中，最為活躍的是進出口商品，使海關(guān)所屬常關(guān)稅收有明顯增加；厘金也在增長。清末常關(guān)稅收，表面看，在不斷衰落，但實際上仍在增長，只不過這種增長，曲折地反映在厘金和子口稅的增長上。如果換一個視角看，清末常關(guān)稅實際上是變態(tài)地發(fā)展著。正是常關(guān)存在的經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)，沒有發(fā)生根本轉(zhuǎn)型，所以，直至20世紀30年代前，常關(guān)稅與厘金一樣，依然是民國政府的重要財源之一。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the research of the regional economy is in the ascendant and the results are constantly emerging in the academic circles. However, the previous research materials are mostly descriptive literature and lack more accurate circulation of commodities. Therefore, the conclusions of different scholars even to the same economic region are very different. This paper mainly uses the collection of the first history archives in China. The customs and tax archives, using the method of combining the long period and the short period, the empirical and the econometric analysis, takes the relationship between the Chang Guan and the regional economy as the center, and probes into the development and evolution of the regular customs system in the Qing Dynasty and the change of the regional economic pattern.
The origin of Chinese customs duties was very early, but before the Ming Dynasty, the fiscal role of customs duties was not outstanding. The establishment of the Ming Dynasty banknote has obvious financial purposes. Although its financial status is not outstanding, it is in the position of inheriting and succeeding from the development of customs duties. The Qing government not only inherited the system of the Ming Dynasty, but also carried out a number of important innovations. It has become a common customs system in the Qing Dynasty, which is far more clear than that in the Ming Dynasty. Customs revenue has also become an important financial revenue of the Qing government.
The establishment and development of the common customs in the Qing Dynasty objectively reflected the prosperity of the long distance commodity circulation and the development of the regional economy in the whole country. As a common customs clearance of the tax of long distance commodities, it was also consistent with the change of the national economic distribution.
In the relationship between changguan and the early Qing Dynasty, this paper makes a detailed investigation on the changes in the tax changes along the Yangtze River, along the Yangtze River, along the canal, along the Huaihe and along the border, and tries to explore the changes and development of the circulation of commodities in various economic regions. Economic linkages make it possible to adjust the distribution of the economy and optimize the allocation of resources in all regions, thus integrating each economic region in different stages of development into an organic whole. In the early Qing Dynasty, China's economic pattern showed a trend of development.
This paper also investigates the changes in the regional economic pattern in the Qing Dynasty by changing the tax revenue in the period of a commercial period. The reason for the Qing government to carry out a business is mainly for the strict management of foreign trade in order to maintain national security and social stability. More importantly, the establishment and improvement of the unified market system in China has made the great power economy to the sea. Foreign trade is easy to rely on.
In the early period of a business period, there was a big increase in tax revenue and a decline in the later tax revenue. However, from the view of the circulation of goods, the Qing economy in the period of the business period, in general, continued to move forward following the original trajectory.
After modern times, the tax revenue declined sharply. It was accompanied by the deepening of the national crisis, the increasing loss of the tariff autonomy and the decline of the modern trade pattern. The customs tax, the mouth tax, the Levy of Li Jin and the customs annexation of the customs were the specific reasons for the decline of the customs.
As a whole, the Qing government has little effect on the reform of Chang Guan. Under the condition of the loss of state sovereignty, Chang Guan reform, like other reforms, will inevitably fall into failure. This is a problem that the Qing government can not solve.
However, in the circulation of commodity markets in modern times, the most active commodity circulation is the import and export commodities, which makes the customs tax revenue increase obviously; the tax is also growing. In the end of the Qing Dynasty, the tax revenue is constantly on the decline, but it is still growing, but this growth is only zigzag reflected in the growth of the Lijin and the zigkou tax. If it is changed. From a point of view, the ordinary tariffs in the end of the Qing Dynasty are actually metamorphosis. It is the economic base that often exists, and there is no fundamental transformation. So, until 1930s, the ordinary tariff was one of the important financial sources of the government of the Republic of China.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2006
【分類號】：K249

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 高福美;清代沿海貿(mào)易與天津商業(yè)的發(fā)展[D];南開大學(xué);2010年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前3條

1 張春紅;區(qū)位與興衰：以臨清關(guān)為中心的個案研究（1429—1930）[D];江西師范大學(xué);2010年

2 侯鵬;清代浙江厘金研究[D];上海師范大學(xué);2008年

3 涂賢蘭;九江開埠與江西近代工礦業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)型（1858-1937）[D];江西師范大學(xué);2011年

本文編號：1897618