本文關(guān)鍵詞：秦國(guó)富強(qiáng)及東并六國(guó)之地理環(huán)境條件研究　出處：《吉林大學(xué)》2004年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 秦國(guó) 富強(qiáng) 六國(guó) 地理環(huán)境 條件 研究

【摘要】：秦國(guó)能夠走向富強(qiáng)、統(tǒng)一古代中國(guó)，商鞅變法無(wú)疑是主因。但是，還有一個(gè)因素也很重要，即秦國(guó)國(guó)土有良好的地理?xiàng)l件。探討這一問(wèn)題，有助于復(fù)原歷史的真實(shí)面貌，并彌補(bǔ)當(dāng)代歷史研究的不足。 地理環(huán)境是人類社會(huì)周?chē)淖匀唤绲目偡Q。自古至今，中外的思想家、學(xué)者們一直熱衷于討論地理環(huán)境在人類社會(huì)發(fā)展中的作用，并且作出過(guò)豐富的論述。中國(guó)古代人發(fā)現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事活動(dòng)以及文化與地理?xiàng)l件之間有密切的聯(lián)系，西方人提出了形形色色的地理環(huán)境決定理論。馬克思主義認(rèn)為，地理環(huán)境在人類社會(huì)的演進(jìn)、變化中的作用是客觀存在，不能否認(rèn)的。當(dāng)然，需要強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)明的是，這種作用是非決定性的，社會(huì)進(jìn)步的決定力量是而且只能是生產(chǎn)方式。地理環(huán)境的作用在很多方面表現(xiàn)出來(lái)，在本文中應(yīng)該特別關(guān)注的是：地理環(huán)境能夠加速或者延緩歷史的前進(jìn)，使不同的國(guó)家、民族的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生不平衡。在文明時(shí)代早期生產(chǎn)力水平相對(duì)較低的狀態(tài)下，地理環(huán)境的影響力較之于后世更為強(qiáng)大。 秦起初只是周的附庸，在隴山以西為王室牧馬，勢(shì)力微弱。等到周平王東遷，秦因?yàn)樽o(hù)送有功，才得到了一個(gè)諸侯的空頭銜。在這之后，秦人翻越隴山進(jìn)入關(guān)中平原，驅(qū)逐戎人，逐步占領(lǐng)周的舊地，贏得了一片屬于自己的生存空間。到了一代雄主秦穆公統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，秦基本上征服了整個(gè)關(guān)中，把國(guó)境線向東推進(jìn)到了黃河與華山一線。然而，接下來(lái)的三百多年離，秦受阻于長(zhǎng)期稱霸的晉國(guó)，一直徘徊在狹小的關(guān)中，無(wú)法東進(jìn)。 戰(zhàn)國(guó)初期，一方面由于近鄰魏國(guó)強(qiáng)盛，另外一方面也由于秦國(guó)內(nèi)部變亂頻生，國(guó)力削弱，秦國(guó)的疆域嚴(yán)重收縮，東部邊界西退至洛河，形 WP=76 勢(shì)危殆。至獻(xiàn)公、孝公之時(shí)，秦國(guó)國(guó)勢(shì)重新振作，遂大舉反擊，通過(guò)多年的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)努力，收復(fù)了全部失地，并繼續(xù)東出，從韓、魏兩國(guó)手中搶奪地盤(pán)，建立了進(jìn)軍中原的前哨基地�；菸耐鯐r(shí)，秦正確決策，吞并了富饒的巴蜀（即今天四川省東部），國(guó)土面積大大增加，國(guó)家實(shí)力得到進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)。以后的歷代秦王，沿襲了秦人一貫的東侵政策，至秦王政時(shí)，終于滅亡六國(guó)、一統(tǒng)天下。 秦國(guó)位于當(dāng)時(shí)華夏文明區(qū)的西北角落，西、北、南三個(gè)方向上都是落后的異族，沒(méi)有強(qiáng)敵，只有東方一面朝向中原諸侯。因此，秦國(guó)既能夠向西北南三面開(kāi)拓領(lǐng)地，擴(kuò)充力量，又不用擔(dān)心陷入四面受敵的險(xiǎn)惡局面，既易于防御、保護(hù)自身，亦便于主動(dòng)攻擊敵人。后來(lái)并入秦國(guó)的巴蜀，同樣位居文明區(qū)的邊緣地帶，一面臨敵，又從側(cè)翼威脅楚國(guó)，成為秦攻擊楚的依托。 秦國(guó)國(guó)土絕大部分處于我國(guó)的第二級(jí)地勢(shì)階梯之上，對(duì)東方各國(guó)取居高臨下之勢(shì)，進(jìn)攻便利，防御為易。秦國(guó)疆土的核心區(qū)關(guān)中古稱“四塞之國(guó)”，東有黃河中游河道，東南是華山和商洛山，南為高峻橫亙的秦嶺，西有隴山，北為黃土高原，形如一座天然城堡。秦國(guó)的對(duì)外交通全靠山河之間為數(shù)不多的幾條通路。這些道路上戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)又設(shè)立關(guān)塞控扼。秦國(guó)境外的敵人極難攻入關(guān)中內(nèi)地，秦則可以安穩(wěn)地發(fā)展生產(chǎn)積聚力量，即便是國(guó)內(nèi)有變亂發(fā)生，也不至于為外敵所乘；同時(shí)還能夠窺伺東方，尋找戰(zhàn)機(jī)主動(dòng)出擊。巴蜀所在的四川是典型的盆地地形，，周?chē)缟骄䦷X層層環(huán)繞，惟有長(zhǎng)江三峽一途通往江漢平原，也是易守難攻的地區(qū)。 秦國(guó)有多座具巨大軍事價(jià)值的關(guān)塞。函谷關(guān)地處險(xiǎn)要，掌握著秦出入中原的通路。春秋時(shí)期，晉國(guó)搶先一步占領(lǐng)了這里，遂將秦阻擋于中原之外，使秦?zé)o法參與競(jìng)霸活動(dòng)。戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期，函谷關(guān)為秦所有。東方六 WP=77 強(qiáng)國(guó)五度組織合縱聯(lián)軍攻秦，其中四次被擋在函谷關(guān)城下。秦略地中原，亦主要由此東進(jìn)。武關(guān)，據(jù)守著秦國(guó)的東南門(mén)戶，同時(shí)還是壓迫楚國(guó)的一座重要基地。大散關(guān)，守護(hù)關(guān)中西南大門(mén)，保衛(wèi)著秦的大后方。 關(guān)中和巴蜀是秦的兩塊主要農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)。這兩個(gè)地區(qū)，平原廣闊、土壤肥沃，河流湖泊眾多，水資源豐富，戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)秦人并利用天然水網(wǎng)興建了著名水利工程鄭國(guó)渠和都江堰；兩地當(dāng)時(shí)的氣候也比現(xiàn)代溫暖而濕潤(rùn)。同時(shí)關(guān)中和巴蜀還有悠久的農(nóng)耕傳統(tǒng)。因此，秦國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)高度發(fā)達(dá)，糧食產(chǎn)量巨大。秦國(guó)的隴西（今甘肅省東部）、北地、上郡（今陜西省北部及寧夏部分地區(qū)）及巴蜀的山地、丘陵，有大面積的草場(chǎng)，加以秦人在歷史上就擅長(zhǎng)養(yǎng)馬，以是牧業(yè)繁榮，盛產(chǎn)良種馬。秦國(guó)境內(nèi)還擁有豐富的森林和礦產(chǎn)資源。優(yōu)良的地理基礎(chǔ)，有利于秦國(guó)發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)，為秦的對(duì)外戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)提供了堅(jiān)實(shí)的后勤保障。 秦國(guó)因地理位置偏西，與戎人接觸密切，而且國(guó)民中融合有大量戎人，故深受戎人影響，民風(fēng)勇敢強(qiáng)悍，喜戰(zhàn)斗，功利進(jìn)取務(wù)實(shí)。這種群體性格，為秦國(guó)的變法圖強(qiáng)，秦國(guó)軍隊(duì)的驍勇善戰(zhàn)，準(zhǔn)備了文化上的便利與保證。 秦國(guó)國(guó)土擁有的優(yōu)越的地理?xiàng)l件，使秦得以在列國(guó)間激烈、殘酷的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中生存下來(lái)，并逐漸走向富強(qiáng)；也是秦最終東滅六國(guó)、混一天下的前提和必要性的客觀物質(zhì)保障。
[Abstract]:Qin is able to move towards prosperity and unity. It is doubtless the main cause of Shang Yang's reform in ancient China. However, another factor is also important, that is, the land of Qin has good geographical conditions. Probing into this problem helps to restore the true face of history and make up for the shortage of contemporary historical research.
The geographical environment refers to human society around nature. Since ancient times, Chinese and foreign thinkers, scholars have been keen to discuss the geographic environment in the development of human society, and made a rich discussion. Chinese ancient people discovered the economy, there is a strong relationship between military activities and cultural and geographical conditions, Westerners put forward the geographical environment of every hue determination theory. In Marx's view, the evolution of geographical environment in the human society, the role of change is an objective existence, cannot be denied. Of course, need to emphasize is that this role is not decisive, decisive force of social progress is the only way of production. The role of geographical environment in many ways, in this paper should be of particular concern is that geographical environment can accelerate or delay the advance of history, so that different countries, ethnic hair The exhibition produced is not balanced. In the early productivity of civilization is relatively low under the condition, the influence of geographical environment in the future is more powerful.
A Qin Qichu just weeks, in the west of the royal family in the Wrangler, weak. Wait until the week Qin King moved, because the escort meritorious, got a vassal of the short title. After this, the Qin people climb into in the Guanzhong Plain, from Rong, and gradually occupied the week old, won one of their own living space. The generation of male owners during the reign of the king of Qin, basically conquered the whole Guanzhong, the border eastwards to the Yellow River and Huashan line. However, the next more than 300 years from the Qin Dynasty, the Jin is hampered by the long domination, a straight to the East in the narrow wandering in.
On the one hand, in the early days of the Warring States, on the one hand, due to the prosperity of the neighboring Wei Guoqiang, on the other hand, due to the frequent internal turmoil and the weakening of the national power, the territory of the Qin Kingdom was severely contracted, and the eastern boundary went west to the Luohe River.
WP=76
Potential. To offer the public in public, filial piety, Qin was again, then back on a large scale, through the years of the war effort, recovered all the lost ground, and to the East, from the Han Wei, two hands snatch site, built into the Central Plains outpost. Wang Hui, Qin Zhengque decision, the annexation of the rich Bashu (now the eastern part of Sichuan province), land area is greatly increased, the national strength has been further strengthened. Later dynasties Qin, Qin people always followed the invasion policy to the Qin Dynasty, finally the demise of six countries dominate the world.
The northwest corner, at the time of Qin Chinese civilization zone of the west, North and South three directions are behind the alien, no enemies, only the east side towards the state of Qin. Therefore, can to the northwest South three pioneering territory, expand the force, and do not worry about the dangerous situation in four sides by the enemy, it is easy to defense, to protect themselves, but also to facilitate the initiative to attack the enemy. Later incorporated into the Qin Shu, also ranked the civilization area on the edge of a face from the enemy, and the threat of flank attack Chu Chu, Qin became relying on.
The land is mostly in a on the second ladder of Chinese terrain, convenient to attack Eastern countries take down force, defense for easy. The core area of Guanzhong ancient Qin territory is called "four plug in the East, the middle reaches of the Yellow River River, Southeast Huashan and Shangluo mountain, the south is high across the Qinling Mountains. In the west, north of the Loess Plateau, shaped like a natural castle. Qin's traffic on several paths are few. The roads in the Warring States period and the establishment of Fort Konge. The outside enemy is extremely difficult to scored off the mainland, Qin could develop production safely accumulate power even there are accidents, not riding for foreign enemies; but also on the East, looking for fighters to take the initiative. Sichuan is located in Sichuan basin is typical of the surrounding terrain, high mountains and lofty hills surrounded by layers, only one way to the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River The Jianghan Plain is also an area that is easy to keep and difficult to attack.
There are many Qin seat with a huge military value of the fort. Fort is located. It holds the entry pathway Qin Central Plains. During the spring and Autumn period, the first step to occupy here, then stop Qin in the Central Plains, the Qin Dynasty can not participate in competitive activities. PA during the Warring States period, Qin Hanguguan Oriental six all.
WP=77
Power five degrees vertical organization coalition attack Qin, four of which were blocked in Hanguguan city. Qin slightly to the Central Plains, which is mainly east. Wu Guan Qin, guarding the gateway to the southeast, an important base and oppression. Free Chu, guardian of Guanzhong southwest gate guard Qin's rear.
Sichuan is Guanzhong and two major agricultural areas of Qin. These two areas, a vast plain, fertile soil and numerous lakes and rivers, rich in water resources, the Warring States Qin and the use of natural water network construction of the famous water conservancy project of Zheng Guoqu and Dujiangyan; the two climate could have been warm and moist. At the same time and Guanzhong and Sichuan a long agrarian tradition. Therefore, the highly developed agriculture, grain production is huge. The Qin Longxi (now in Gansu Province, North East), county (now Shaanxi province and northern part of Ningxia mountain, and Sichuan Hills), a large area of grassland, Qin people to be good with horses in history in animal husbandry, is rich in prosperity, thoroughbred horses. The territory also has rich forest and mineral resources. Excellent geographical basis, is conducive to the development of economy, provide a solid guarantee for the logistics of Qin foreign war.
The location for the west, close contact with the people and the national fusion Rong, there are a lot of people so by Rong Rong, influence, folk doughty, like fighting, utilitarian enterprising pragmatic. This character, the 1898, the Qin army troops, to ensure the convenience and culture.
The land has superior geographical conditions, the Qin to fierce among the nations, to survive in the cruel competition, and gradually towards prosperity; and finally Qin East out of the six countries, mixed the world and the necessity of the premise of the material guarantee.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2004
【分類號(hào)】：K231

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前3條

1 李晶晶;先秦策士研究[D];河北師范大學(xué);2011年

2 肖藝威;晉徽傳統(tǒng)建筑藝術(shù)形態(tài)比較分析[D];太原理工大學(xué);2012年

3 倪童;從《豳風(fēng)》到《秦風(fēng)》[D];西北大學(xué);2012年

本文編號(hào)：1361716