【摘要】：在搜索任務(wù)中,目標與固定背景的多次聯(lián)合呈現(xiàn),將顯著提高被試在該場景中的搜索績效,這種現(xiàn)象被稱作背景線索效應(yīng)。同時,被試通常不能識別曾重復(fù)多次的場景,也不能通過迫選任務(wù)指出目標的位置,因而背景線索效應(yīng)是一種內(nèi)隱效應(yīng)。該效應(yīng)是研究內(nèi)隱空間記憶的一個經(jīng)典范式,但當前對背景線索中空間編碼方式的探討十分有限。目前對背景線索效應(yīng)空間編碼方式的解釋是基于樣例的學(xué)習(xí),這種學(xué)習(xí)相當于空間關(guān)系表征中的自我空間參照系編碼。 人們對任何物體位置的編碼必須借助一定的空間參照系。參照系常分為兩類：自我參照系是指物體位置相對于觀察者自己來表征,其需要實時更新位置關(guān)系,不利于在長時保存,是一種基本的、原始的空間表征方式；非自我參照是指物體位置相對于環(huán)境中其他物體來表征,其表征的是物體與物體間的抽象關(guān)系,便于儲存,是一種靈活的、高級的空間表征方式。非自我空間參照系有兩種表現(xiàn)形式,即根據(jù)物體與物體之間關(guān)系建立的場景內(nèi)在參照系、根據(jù)物體與環(huán)境之間關(guān)系建立的環(huán)境參照系。 已有的空間參照系的結(jié)論都是以外顯記憶為實驗任務(wù)得到的,我們猜想從外顯空間記憶中得到的相關(guān)理論也可以適用于內(nèi)隱空間記憶,即內(nèi)隱記憶也可以采用非自我空間參照系進行空間表征。本論文對這一猜想進行了驗證。 本論文包括以下三個實驗： 實驗1的目的是探究在背景線索效應(yīng)習(xí)得的過程中,被試能否借助自我參照系之外的信息進行空間編碼。實驗采用三維真實場景作為實驗材料,使用2(場景類型：重復(fù)、新異)×6(學(xué)習(xí)階段：1～6)×3(內(nèi)在軸控制：正視、側(cè)視、隨機)的三因素混合實驗設(shè)計。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),提供了不同參照系的條件下,被試習(xí)得背景線索效應(yīng)的速度不同,習(xí)得的背景線索效應(yīng)量也有差異。 實驗2的目的是更直接的檢驗在背景線索效應(yīng)習(xí)得過程中,被試能否借助場景內(nèi)在參照系的信息進行空間編碼。實驗2改進了實驗1的材料,并采用2(場景類型：重復(fù)、新異)×6(學(xué)習(xí)階段：1～6)×2(內(nèi)在軸控制：有軸、無軸)的三因素混合實驗設(shè)計。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),在提供內(nèi)在軸參照系信息的條件下,被試能在 更早的實驗階段習(xí)得背景線索效應(yīng)。 實驗3的目的是檢驗在背景線索效應(yīng)中,被試能否借助環(huán)境參照系進行空間表征。實驗3通過操作場景中是否存在條紋地毯這一環(huán)境參照信息,采用2(場景類型：重復(fù)、新異)×7(學(xué)習(xí)階段：1～7)×2(內(nèi)在軸控制：有軸、無軸)的三因素混合實驗設(shè)計。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),是否提供環(huán)境參照系信息并未影響背景線索效應(yīng)的習(xí)得。 在本論文的條件下,得出以下結(jié)論： (1)背景線索效應(yīng)不只是基于樣例的編碼加工,其存在更高級的編碼方式。 (2)背景線索效應(yīng)的空間編碼可以借助場景內(nèi)在參照系進行。 (3)背景線索效應(yīng)的空間編碼并不能從環(huán)境參照系中受益。
[Abstract]:In the search task, the multiple joint presentation of the target and the fixed background will significantly improve the search performance of the subjects in the scene, which is called the background clue effect. At the same time, the subjects can not recognize the scenes that have been repeated many times, nor can they point out the position of the target through the forced selection task, so the background clue effect is an implicit effect. This effect is a classical paradigm for the study of implicit spatial memory, but the current discussion on spatial coding in background clues is very limited. At present, the explanation of spatial coding method of background clue effect is based on sample learning, which is equivalent to self-spatial reference frame coding in spatial relation representation. The coding of any object position must be based on a certain spatial frame of reference. The reference system is often divided into two categories: self-reference frame refers to the representation of the position of the object relative to the observer itself, which needs to update the position relationship in real time, which is not conducive to preservation in a long time, and is a basic, original spatial representation method; Non-self-reference refers to the representation of the position of the object relative to other objects in the environment, which represents the abstract relationship between the object and the object, is easy to store, and is a flexible and advanced spatial representation method. There are two forms of non-self-spatial reference system, namely, the scene internal reference system based on the relationship between the object and the object, and the environmental reference system based on the relationship between the object and the environment. The conclusions of the existing spatial reference system are obtained by the experimental task of explicit memory. We guess that the relevant theories obtained from explicit spatial memory can also be applied to implicit spatial memory. That is, implicit memory can also use non-self-spatial reference system for spatial representation. In this paper, this conjecture is verified. This paper includes the following three experiments: the purpose of experiment 1 is to explore whether the subjects can carry out spatial coding with the help of information outside the self-reference system in the process of background clue effect acquisition. In the experiment, the three-dimensional real scene is used as the experimental material, and the three-factor mixed experimental design of 2 (scene type: repetition, new difference) 脳 6 (learning stage: 1 鈮，

本文編號：2485278