【摘要】：行為抑制是指在特定環(huán)境下對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)反應(yīng)或習(xí)慣行為的抑制,它居于人類(lèi)執(zhí)行功能系統(tǒng)的核心地位,對(duì)個(gè)體的行為反應(yīng)起調(diào)控作用。作為一種重要的監(jiān)控職能,行為抑制可以有效引導(dǎo)個(gè)體基于環(huán)境變化采取靈活變通的反應(yīng)策略,最終做出正確的行為決策。沖突覺(jué)察和反應(yīng)抑制是研究者考查個(gè)體行為抑制能力的重點(diǎn)。 性別差異作為個(gè)體差異的一個(gè)典型特征,在行為抑制的研究中得到了充分重視。已有研究采用oddball任務(wù)發(fā)現(xiàn)在行為抑制上存在顯著的性別差異。但值得注意的是,oddball任務(wù)中標(biāo)準(zhǔn)刺激和偏差刺激的出現(xiàn)頻率并不對(duì)等,我們很難判斷此處存在的行為抑制性別效應(yīng)是否會(huì)與oddball范式可能存在的小概率偏差效應(yīng)相混淆。因此,我們有必要將oddball任務(wù)的行為抑制效應(yīng)與小概率偏差刺激加工效應(yīng)分離,以探求行為抑制性別效應(yīng)的真實(shí)有效性以及oddball任務(wù)條件下該效應(yīng)的信效度。此外,研究者普遍認(rèn)為情緒,尤其是負(fù)性情緒會(huì)削弱個(gè)體的行為抑制加工,但對(duì)于情緒影響下的行為抑制是否仍然存在性別差異仍不清楚。因此,為探明行為抑制的性別差異是否真實(shí)存在,以及情緒在行為抑制性別效應(yīng)中的作用機(jī)制,本研究擬采用高時(shí)間分辨率的事件相關(guān)電位(ERPs)技術(shù)和Go/Nogo任務(wù)范式,試圖對(duì)行為抑制性別效應(yīng)的有效性及情緒性影響進(jìn)行探討,并初步探索其內(nèi)在認(rèn)知神經(jīng)機(jī)制。 實(shí)驗(yàn)一采用經(jīng)典的Go/Nogo范式,通過(guò)操作go刺激和nogo刺激的出現(xiàn)頻率,排除oddball任務(wù)刺激頻率不對(duì)等的影響,將實(shí)驗(yàn)分為相等概率(50%VS50%)和不等概率(30%VS70%)兩種條件,以考察行為抑制的性別效應(yīng)是否獨(dú)立于oddball任務(wù)的小概率偏差刺激加工效應(yīng)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),較之相等概率,個(gè)體在不等概率條件下具有更低的反應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確率,以及更長(zhǎng)的反應(yīng)時(shí),呈現(xiàn)顯著的“速度-準(zhǔn)確率”失衡效應(yīng)。對(duì)腦電成分的分析除發(fā)現(xiàn)顯著的概率主效應(yīng)(不等概率條件下的N2和P3波幅均大于等概率條件,表明該實(shí)驗(yàn)概率條件設(shè)置成功,不等概率條件下的nogo刺激有效誘發(fā)了個(gè)體的小概率偏差刺激加工,保證了實(shí)驗(yàn)的信效度)外,還發(fā)現(xiàn)顯著的性別效應(yīng),即不等概率條件下女性比男性出現(xiàn)了更大的N2和P3波幅。因此,本研究認(rèn)為oddball任務(wù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)的行為抑制性別效應(yīng)具有真實(shí)有效性,且女性更強(qiáng)的小概率偏差刺激加工能力對(duì)這種性別差異可能具有促進(jìn)作用,更加突顯了女性較之于男性更強(qiáng)的行為抑制能力,從而直接加劇了男女兩性間的差異。 實(shí)驗(yàn)二采用改編版的內(nèi)隱Go/Nogo任務(wù)對(duì)情緒在行為抑制性別效應(yīng)中的影響進(jìn)行了進(jìn)一步的探討。為保證實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中情緒誘發(fā)的穩(wěn)定性和持久性,實(shí)驗(yàn)采用block設(shè)計(jì),共分為負(fù)性和中性?xún)煞N條件,每種條件有10組圖片共400個(gè)刺激試次。實(shí)驗(yàn)要求被試忽略情緒情境的影響而只對(duì)圖片中間的字母進(jìn)行反應(yīng)。重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析(ANOVA)顯示,個(gè)體在負(fù)性情緒下的表現(xiàn)差于中性條件,表現(xiàn)為負(fù)性情緒下個(gè)體更低的反應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確率、更高的虛報(bào)率以及顯著的反應(yīng)時(shí)延遲效應(yīng)。對(duì)腦電成分的分析除發(fā)現(xiàn)顯著的情緒效應(yīng)外(負(fù)性情緒下的N2和P3波幅均大于中性條件,提示情緒誘發(fā)成功),還發(fā)現(xiàn)顯著的情緒和性別交互效應(yīng),且這種交互影響貫穿于行為抑制的知覺(jué)加工、沖突監(jiān)控和反應(yīng)抑制等多個(gè)階段。進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn),女性的N2和P3波幅均大于男性,且這種差異在負(fù)性情緒條件下最為顯著。這可能與女性較之于男性更高的情緒識(shí)別能力和情緒加工優(yōu)勢(shì)有關(guān),從而使其能快速覺(jué)察到偏離于任務(wù)要求的其他刺激沖突,并能迅速調(diào)動(dòng)認(rèn)知資源進(jìn)行有效的行為抑制。 本研究著眼于行為抑制的性別效應(yīng)是否具備可靠信效度這一問(wèn)題,通過(guò)對(duì)其加以驗(yàn)證和區(qū)分,得到了關(guān)于行為抑制性別效應(yīng)的相關(guān)研究證據(jù)。研究結(jié)果表明行為抑制的性別效應(yīng)具備真實(shí)有效性,女性的行為抑制能力優(yōu)于男性,且負(fù)性情緒影響下該效應(yīng)更為顯著。女性對(duì)情緒性事件和小概率偏差刺激的高易感性可能對(duì)其高于男性的行為抑制能力具有促進(jìn)作用。這對(duì)于我們深化理解行為抑制及其性別效應(yīng),以及性別、情緒和行為抑制的相互關(guān)系都有重要借鑒意義,同時(shí)也能進(jìn)一步理解女性更高的情緒障礙發(fā)生率以及男性更高的沖動(dòng)犯罪率現(xiàn)象,從而為抑郁癥的診療及心理健康教育提供一定參考。
[Abstract]:Behavior inhibition refers to the suppression of an advantage reaction or a habit behavior in a specific environment, which is the core position of the human execution function system and plays a role in regulating the behavior of the individual. As an important monitoring function, the behavior inhibition can effectively guide the individual to adopt the flexible and flexible reaction strategy based on the environmental change, and finally make the correct behavior decision. Conflict awareness and reaction inhibition were the focus of the researchers' ability to examine individual behavior. The gender difference, as a typical characteristic of individual difference, has been sufficiently heavy in the study of behavior inhibition. Visual. There have been studies using the oddall task to find a significant gender difference in behavior inhibition However, it is worth noting that the frequency of standard stimulation and bias stimulation in the oddall task is not correct, and it is difficult to determine whether the behavior-inhibiting gender effect here can be mixed with the small probability deviation effect that the oddall paradigm may exist. Therefore, it is necessary to separate the behavioral inhibition effect of oddall task with the small probability bias stimulation processing effect to explore the true effectiveness of the behavior and the effect of oddall task conditions. In addition, the researchers generally agree that the mood, especially the negative emotion, will weaken the behavior of the individual, but it is still unclear whether the behavior in the influence of the emotion still exists. As a result, it is proposed to adopt the event-related potential (ERPs) technology and the Go/ Nogo task of high-time resolution for the purpose of finding out whether the gender difference of the inhibition of the behavior is true or not, and the mechanism of the action of the emotion in the inhibition of the gender effect. The purpose of this study is to explore the effectiveness and the emotional impact of the behavior-inhibiting gender effect, and to explore its own in the cognitive neurotic machine. By using the classical Go/ Nogo paradigm, the experiment is divided into equal probability (50% VS50%) and non-equal probability (30% VSS70%) by operating the frequency of the go-stimulation and nogo stimulation, and eliminating the influence of oddall task stimulation frequency. Whether the gender effect of behavior inhibition is independent of the small probability deviation stimulus of the oddall task in order to investigate whether the sex effect of the behavior inhibition is independent of the oddall task The result shows that, compared with the equal probability, the individual has lower reaction accuracy under the condition of unequal probability, and when the reaction is longer, the individual exhibits significant "speed-accuracy" loss. The analysis of the electrical component of the brain, in addition to finding a significant probability main effect (the amplitude of N2 and P3 under the condition of unequal probability) is greater than the equal probability condition, indicates that the experimental probability condition is set to be successful, and the nogo stimulation under the condition of unequal probability is effective to induce the small probability deviation of the individual. It is also found that there is a significant gender effect, that is, there is a greater N2 and P in the female than the male under the condition of unequal probability. 3. Therefore, this study is of the opinion that the behaviors found in the oddall task have the real effectiveness in inhibiting the gender effect, and the more powerful small-probability bias stimulation processing capacity of the female can promote the gender difference, and the behavior of the female to be stronger than that of the male is more emphasized. The ability to make it directly aggravate the gender gap between men and women The effect of the effect of the emotion in the action-inhibition of the gender effect was carried out by the implicit Go/ Nogo task of the experimental two. In order to ensure the stability and persistence of the emotion in the course of the experiment, the experiment is designed with block design, which is divided into negative and neutral conditions. The experiment requires the participants to ignore the influence of the emotional context and only the words in the middle of the picture The analysis of the variance of variance (ANOVA) showed that the expression of the individual in the negative mood was inferior to the neutral condition, showing the lower response rate of the individual in the negative mood, the higher false reporting rate and the significant reaction. Time delay effect. The analysis of the brain electrical component, in addition to the significant emotional effects (both the N2 and P3 amplitudes in the negative mood were greater than the neutral condition, suggested the mood-induced success), and also found significant emotional and gender interaction effects, and the interaction effects throughout the behavior inhibition Perceptual processing, conflict monitoring and reaction inhibition Further analysis found that the N2 and P3 amplitude of the female was greater than that of the male, and this difference was in the negative mood condition. The most significant. This may be related to the higher emotional identification and emotional processing advantages of a woman than a male, so that it can quickly perceive other stimulus conflicts that deviate from the task's requirements, and can quickly mobilize cognitive resources for effective The study focuses on the question of whether the sex effect of behavior inhibition has the reliability and validity, and the gender effect on behavior is obtained through the verification and differentiation of the behavior. The results of the study show that the sex effect of behavior inhibition is effective and that the behavior of female is superior to that of male, and the negative effect of negative emotion This effect is more pronounced. The high susceptibility of women to emotional and small-probability bias stimulation may be higher than the male behavior inhibition It is of great significance for us to deepen the understanding of behavior inhibition and its gender effect, as well as the relationship between sex, emotion and behavior, and can further understand the higher incidence of emotional disorder and higher male rate of the female. The phenomenon of impulse crime, thus the diagnosis and treatment of the depression and the mental health education
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：B842

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