【摘要】：國(guó)內(nèi)外許多研究發(fā)現(xiàn),自我控制行為會(huì)產(chǎn)生自我損耗效應(yīng),即后續(xù)的自我控制操作表現(xiàn)下降�？刂谱晕覔p耗效應(yīng)成為了眾多研究者關(guān)心的一個(gè)研究課題。研究人員從很多不同角度尋找方法預(yù)防自我損耗發(fā)生,或者在自我損耗發(fā)生后對(duì)減少的資源進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償,使后續(xù)任務(wù)得以更好地完成。近幾年,隨著積極心理學(xué)的興起,研究者從關(guān)注個(gè)體負(fù)面的行為和情緒中逐漸轉(zhuǎn)移出來(lái),用積極的視角解決心理學(xué)的問(wèn)題。本文擬從積極心理學(xué)的視角出發(fā),通過(guò)2項(xiàng)研究4項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)探討積極情緒影響自我損耗的方式,并力圖將研究結(jié)果推廣到運(yùn)動(dòng)情境中。研究一通過(guò)3個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn),在自控行為前、后或前后兩次誘發(fā)研究參與者的不同情緒,假設(shè)積極情緒較中性情緒能夠補(bǔ)償或擴(kuò)展自我控制的資源,減少自控?fù)p耗產(chǎn)生的負(fù)性影響。結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)比中性情緒,積極情緒在自我控制任務(wù)后可以補(bǔ)償個(gè)體自我控制的資源,緩解自我損耗。更重要的是,積極情緒還可以在自我控制任務(wù)前擴(kuò)展個(gè)體資源,對(duì)自我損耗起到預(yù)防作用。自我損耗任務(wù)前后兩次誘發(fā)積極情緒起的疊加作用對(duì)自我損耗有緩解作用,但并不存在疊加后更好的效果。研究二探討了運(yùn)動(dòng)情境中積極情緒對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員自我損耗的預(yù)防作用。實(shí)驗(yàn)為更好的針對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)情景,在研究一的預(yù)防作用實(shí)驗(yàn)程序上做了一定修改：實(shí)驗(yàn)參與者為現(xiàn)役運(yùn)動(dòng)員,自我控制任務(wù)由“別想白熊”改為“別想教練”,最后的檢測(cè)任務(wù)是估計(jì)自行車(chē)的騎行時(shí)間。研究假設(shè)是估計(jì)時(shí)間越短的運(yùn)動(dòng)員自我損耗越少。結(jié)果顯示,觀看積極情緒視頻的運(yùn)動(dòng)員估計(jì)騎行的時(shí)間更短,這再次說(shuō)明,積極情緒對(duì)自我損耗可以起到預(yù)防的作用。據(jù)此,本研究得到以下結(jié)論：1)積極情緒對(duì)自我損耗具有補(bǔ)償作用；2)積極情緒對(duì)自我控制資源有擴(kuò)展作用,因而可以預(yù)防自我損耗。3)補(bǔ)償和預(yù)防作用與疊加作用沒(méi)有明顯區(qū)別。4)在運(yùn)動(dòng)情境中,積極情緒可以對(duì)自我損耗起預(yù)防作用,即誘發(fā)積極情緒后,可以有足夠的資源和精力完成后繼的自我控制任務(wù)。5)將自我控制的力量模型(Baumeister et al.,1998,2000)與積極情緒的拓展與建構(gòu)理論(Fredrickson,1998)相結(jié)合,有助于尋找控制自我損耗效應(yīng)的新方法。
[Abstract]:Many studies at home and abroad have found that self-control behavior will have a self-loss effect, that is, the subsequent performance of self-control operations will decline. Controlling self-loss effect has become a research topic concerned by many researchers. Researchers look for ways to prevent self-loss from occurring from many different angles, or to compensate for the loss of resources after self-depletion, so that the follow-up task can be better accomplished. In recent years, with the rise of positive psychology, researchers have gradually shifted from paying attention to the negative behaviors and emotions of individuals, and solved the psychological problems from a positive perspective. From the perspective of positive psychology, this paper attempts to explore the ways in which positive emotions affect self-loss through two studies and four experiments, and try to extend the results to sports situations. In the first study, three experiments were conducted to induce different emotions of the participants before, after or after the self-control behavior, assuming that the positive emotion can compensate or expand the resources of self-control and reduce the negative effect of self-control loss. The results showed that compared with neutral emotion, positive emotion can compensate the resources of individual self-control after self-control task, and alleviate the loss of self-control. More importantly, positive emotions can also expand individual resources in front of self-control tasks and prevent self-depletion. The superposition of positive emotion induced twice before and after the self-depletion task can alleviate the self-loss, but there is no better effect after superposition. The second study discussed the preventive effect of positive emotion on athletes' self-loss. In order to better target the exercise situation, the experiment made some changes in the preventive effect experimental procedure of study one: the participants in the experiment were active athletes, and the self-control task changed from "Don't think white bear" to "don't think of coach." The final task is to estimate the cycle time. The study hypothesized that the shorter the estimated time, the less self-loss the athletes had. The results showed that the athletes who watched the positive emotion video estimated that the cycling time was shorter, which again showed that positive emotion could prevent the loss of self. Based on this, the conclusions are as follows: 1) positive emotion can compensate for self-loss; 2) positive emotion can expand self-control resources, so it can prevent self-loss. 3) compensation and prevention have no significant difference from superposition. 4) in exercise situation, positive emotion can prevent self-depletion. That is, after inducing positive emotion, we can have enough resources and energy to complete the subsequent self-control task. 5) combine the self-control force model (Baumeister et al.,1998,2000) with the expansion and construction theory of positive emotion (Fredrickson,1998). It is helpful to find a new way to control the self-loss effect.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京體育大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：B842.6

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