【摘要】：工作記憶與視覺注意之間具有非常緊密的聯(lián)系。視覺工作記憶與注意共享某些特征時(shí),視覺工作記憶內(nèi)容會(huì)引導(dǎo)注意定向。從最初的研究開始,工作記憶對(duì)注意的影響就有很大的爭議。一方面,與Downing在2000年的研究一致,Soto, Heinke, Humphreys在2005年的研究表明保存在工作記憶中的特征或目標(biāo)可以以快速自動(dòng)化的方式引導(dǎo)視覺注意。另一方面,Woodman和Luck通過“記憶—搜索”雙任務(wù)范式證明工作記憶并不是自動(dòng)化的捕獲注意,而是當(dāng)被試知道與工作記憶內(nèi)容匹配的項(xiàng)目不可能是搜索目標(biāo)時(shí),工作記憶的內(nèi)容可以以一種策略性的方式引導(dǎo)更為有效地搜索。情緒的負(fù)性偏向效應(yīng)指機(jī)體對(duì)令人不愉快的,尤其是具有威脅性的刺激表現(xiàn)出心理加工和行為反應(yīng)上的優(yōu)先效應(yīng)。 研究采用Woodman的“記憶—搜索”雙任務(wù)范式,將正性或者負(fù)性情緒作為工作記憶的內(nèi)容,視覺搜索序列中有可能出現(xiàn)工作記憶匹配項(xiàng),也有可能不出現(xiàn),搜索任務(wù)與工作記憶任務(wù)無關(guān),對(duì)比不同條件下搜索任務(wù)的反應(yīng)時(shí)來判斷情緒工作記憶對(duì)注意的導(dǎo)向作用。 實(shí)驗(yàn)1從中國化面孔情緒圖片系統(tǒng)選取的情緒面孔作為實(shí)驗(yàn)材料,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)有干擾條件下的反應(yīng)時(shí)顯著大于無干擾條件,也就是出現(xiàn)了情緒工作記憶內(nèi)容對(duì)視覺注意自動(dòng)捕獲效應(yīng),支持當(dāng)記憶匹配項(xiàng)作為干擾刺激時(shí),依然會(huì)對(duì)視覺注意產(chǎn)生導(dǎo)向作用這一結(jié)論。但是沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)情緒的主效應(yīng)。 實(shí)驗(yàn)2將圖示面孔作為實(shí)驗(yàn)材料,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)依然出現(xiàn)了工作記憶內(nèi)容作為干擾刺激對(duì)視覺注意的自動(dòng)捕獲效應(yīng),與實(shí)驗(yàn)1一致。不過還發(fā)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)捕獲效應(yīng)只出現(xiàn)在了負(fù)性條件下。 實(shí)驗(yàn)3為了控制情緒沖突這一額外變量,增加了無干擾有沖突條件,依然采用圖示面孔作為實(shí)驗(yàn)材料,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),工作記憶中的負(fù)性情緒與搜索項(xiàng)目匹配時(shí),會(huì)干擾搜索任務(wù),但是在正性條件下卻完全沒有影響。 實(shí)驗(yàn)4從NimStim Set of Facial Expressions選取情緒面孔作為實(shí)驗(yàn)材料來控制真實(shí)面孔的細(xì)節(jié)影響依然得到了比較一致的結(jié)果：僅在負(fù)性條件下,保持在工作記憶中的情緒內(nèi)容會(huì)在視覺搜索中自動(dòng)捕獲注意,而當(dāng)正性情緒工作記憶內(nèi)容作為干擾刺激時(shí),沒有出現(xiàn)對(duì)視覺注意的導(dǎo)向作用。 綜合以上4個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn),我們可以得出結(jié)論：當(dāng)負(fù)性情緒工作記憶內(nèi)容作為干擾刺激出現(xiàn)在搜索序列中時(shí),被試的注意會(huì)被記憶匹配項(xiàng)所捕獲,而當(dāng)正性情緒工作記憶內(nèi)容作為干擾刺激時(shí),沒有出現(xiàn)對(duì)視覺注意的導(dǎo)向作用。
[Abstract]:There is a very close relationship between working memory and visual attention. When visual working memory and attention share some characteristics, visual working memory content will guide attention orientation. The effect of working memory on attention has been controversial since the beginning of the study. On the one hand, in line with Downing's study in 2000, Soto, Heinke, Humphreys's 2005 study showed that features or goals stored in working memory can guide visual attention in a fast, automated manner. On the other hand, Woodman and Luck demonstrated through the memory-search two-task paradigm that working memory is not an automatic capture of attention, but when participants know that the item that matches the content of working memory cannot be a search target. Working memory content can lead to a more efficient search in a strategic way. The negative bias effect of emotion refers to the preemptive effect of psychological processing and behavioral response to unpleasant, especially threatening, stimuli. Using Woodman's "memory-search" two-task paradigm, positive or negative emotions are taken as the contents of working memory. It is possible that there may or may not be a working memory match in the visual search sequence. The search task was independent of the working memory task, and the response time of the search task under different conditions was compared to judge the guiding effect of emotional working memory on attention. In experiment 1, the emotional faces selected from the Chinese face image system were used as the experimental materials. The results showed that the response time under the interference condition was significantly greater than that under the non-interference condition. That is to say, there is an automatic capture effect of emotional working memory on visual attention, which supports the conclusion that when memory matches are used as interference stimuli, they still have a guiding effect on visual attention. But no major emotional effects were found. In experiment 2, the graphical face was used as the experimental material, and it was found that the automatic capture effect of working memory as an interference stimulus to visual attention was still present, which was consistent with experiment 1. However, it is also found that the automatic capture effect only occurs under negative conditions. In experiment 3, in order to control the extra variable of emotional conflict and to increase the condition of non-interference and conflict, we still used the graphic face as the experimental material. The results showed that the negative emotion in working memory would interfere with the search task when the negative emotion in working memory matched with the search item. But under the positive condition, it has no effect at all. In experiment 4, the detailed effects of emotional faces selected from NimStim Set of Facial Expressions as experimental materials to control real faces were still consistent: only under negative conditions, The emotional content kept in working memory will automatically capture attention in visual search, but when positive emotional working memory content is used as interference stimulus, there is no guiding effect on visual attention. Combined with the above four experiments, we can conclude that when the negative emotion working memory content appears in the search sequence as an interference stimulus, the attention of the subjects will be captured by the memory match. However, when positive emotion working memory content is used as disturbance stimulus, it has no guiding effect on visual attention.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：B842

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