【摘要】：Kahneman和Tversky(1979)在前景理論中提出了“參照點”概念,指出參照點是決策者在判斷和選擇過程中依據(jù)的標準。近年來,除聚焦個人現(xiàn)狀參照點的研究外,學(xué)者們也逐漸關(guān)注其他因素形成的參照點對風(fēng)險決策的影響�？紤]到現(xiàn)實生活中的決策大都處于社會背景當(dāng)中,決策環(huán)境因素對個體的風(fēng)險決策具有不可忽視的意義。在這里,他人的狀態(tài)被定義為社會參照點。在自我決策領(lǐng)域,學(xué)者們已經(jīng)開展社會參照點對風(fēng)險決策的影響研究,但目前研究數(shù)量較少并且在如何影響個體風(fēng)險決策上并沒有達成一致。因此,本研究采用找工作情境,進一步探討社會參照點對自我-他人風(fēng)險決策的影響。研究一采用找工作情境,初步驗證了社會參照點對個體自我風(fēng)險決策的影響。在此基礎(chǔ)上,研究二中,我們加入了決策者角色這一變量,進一步探討社會參照點對自我-他人風(fēng)險決策的影響。研究二包含3個實驗,分別從不同的角度對他人進行操縱,實驗1采用3(社會參照點:無社會參照點、上行社會參照點、下行社會參照點)×2(決策者角色:為自己、建議他人)的完全被試間設(shè)計,將他人設(shè)置為“校園里的一個與被試同性別的大學(xué)生”,初步探討了社會參照點對自我-他人風(fēng)險決策的影響。實驗2從親密度角度出發(fā),采用IOS量表操縱他人,將他人細分為“親密朋友/陌生人”,探討社會參照點對自我-他人風(fēng)險決策的影響。實驗3,從相似性角度操縱他人,將他人細分為“相似他人/不相似他人”,更深入地探討社會參照點對自我-他人風(fēng)險決策的影響。其中,實驗2采用3(社會參照點:無社會參照點、上行社會參照點、下行社會參照點)×3(決策者角色:為自己、建議親密朋友、建議陌生人)的完全被試間設(shè)計;實驗3采用3(社會參照點:無社會參照點、上行社會參照點、下行社會參照點)×3(決策者角色:為自己、建議相似他人、建議不相似他人)的完全被試間設(shè)計。研究結(jié)果表明:(1)在自我決策時,社會參照點對個體的風(fēng)險決策存在顯著影響,具體為相對于無社會參照點,在上行社會參照點和下行社會參照點存在的條件下,被試表現(xiàn)得更為冒險。(2)上行社會參照點和下行社會參照點對自我-他人的風(fēng)險決策有重要影響。總體來說,在社會參照點存在的情況下,為他人提建議時相對保守,尤其在上行社會參照點條件下,相對于為自己決策,為陌生他人提建議時更為保守。同時,相對于陌生他人,為親密朋友提建議時更為貼近為自己決策。(3)不同社會參照點水平下,為不相似他人提建議和為自己決策的風(fēng)險偏好存在顯著差異。具體來說,無社會參照點時,為不相似他人提建議時比為自己決策更為冒險;在上行社會參照點和下行社會參照點存在時,為不相似他人提建議時并沒有像為自己決策時那樣更多尋求風(fēng)險,而是表現(xiàn)得更為保守。同時,相對于不相似他人,為相似他人提建議時更為貼近為自己決策。
[Abstract]:Kahneman and Tversky (1979) put forward the concept of "reference point" in foreground theory, and pointed out that reference point is the criterion of decision maker in the process of judgment and selection. In recent years, in addition to focusing on the personal status of reference points, scholars have gradually paid attention to the impact of reference points formed by other factors on risk decision-making. Considering that most of the decisions in real life are in the social background, the environmental factors of decision making are of great significance to individual risk decision making. In this case, the state of others is defined as a social reference point. In the field of self-decision-making, scholars have carried out social reference points on the impact of risk decision-making, but the number of studies is relatively small and there is no agreement on how to affect individual risk decision-making. Therefore, this study further explores the impact of social reference points on self-others risk-making using job-seeking situations. In the first study, the influence of social reference point on self-risk decision-making was preliminarily verified. On this basis, in the second middle school, we add the role of decision makers to further explore the impact of social reference points on self-others risk decision-making. Study 2 consists of three experiments that manipulate others from different angles. Experiment 1 uses 3 (social reference point: no social reference point, uplink social reference point, downlink social reference point) 脳 2 (decision maker role: for oneself). The total design of the subjects suggested to others was designed to be "a college student of the same sex on campus", and the influence of social reference points on the risk decision-making of self-others was preliminarily discussed. In experiment 2, we used IOS scale to manipulate others and subdivide them into "close friends / strangers" from the perspective of affinity, to explore the influence of social reference points on self-others risk decision-making. Experiment 3, manipulating others from the angle of similarity, subdividing them into "similar others / dissimilar others", further discusses the influence of social reference points on self-others risk decision. Among them, experiment 2 used 3 (social reference point: no social reference point, uplink social reference point, downgoing social reference point) 脳 3 (decision maker role: for himself, advice for close friends, suggestion for strangers); Experiment 3 adopts the complete design of 3 (social reference point: no social reference point, uplink social reference point, downgoing social reference point) 脳 3 (role of decision maker: for oneself, suggest similar others, suggest dissimilar others). The results show that: (1) in self-decision-making, the social reference point has a significant impact on individual risk decision-making, specifically, compared with no social reference point, under the condition of uplink social reference point and downlink social reference point, The subjects were more adventurous. (2) the uplink social reference point and the downward social reference point had important influence on the risk decision of self-others. In general, when the social reference point exists, it is more conservative to give advice to others, especially under the condition of uplink social reference point, which is more conservative than that of making decisions for oneself and giving advice to strangers. At the same time, compared with strangers, advice for close friends is more close to their own decision-making. (3) at different social reference points, there are significant differences in risk preference for dissimilar others and for their own decision-making. Specifically, when there is no social reference point, it is more risky to make suggestions for dissimilar others than to make decisions for oneself. When the uplink and downlink reference points exist, the advice for dissimilar others is not as much risk seeking as it is when making decisions for oneself, but more conservative. At the same time, rather than dissimilar others, advice for similar others is closer to their own decisions.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：B844.2

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