【摘要】：反事實思維(counterfactual thinking)又叫反事實推理,是指在心理上對過去己經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情進行否定,進而建構(gòu)一種可能性假設(shè)的思維活動。反事實思維是人類的高級認知活動之一,普遍存在于我們的日常生活當中。近年來,對兒童反事實思維發(fā)展的探究已經(jīng)成為發(fā)展心理學的研究熱點問題。但目前對于兒童反事實思維發(fā)展究竟是領(lǐng)域特殊的還是領(lǐng)域一般的研究尚處于起步階段,且已有研究的結(jié)果也很不一致。因此本研究在總結(jié)前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上,采用圖片故事法,進一步探討了3-5歲兒童在不同心理領(lǐng)域下反事實思維能力的發(fā)展情況及其影響因素。本研究共包括兩個實驗,實驗一采用結(jié)果反事實推理任務(wù)范式,選取88名3-5歲幼兒為被試,采用3(年齡：3、4、5歲)×3(心理領(lǐng)域：道德領(lǐng)域、習俗領(lǐng)域、安全領(lǐng)域)×2(結(jié)果性質(zhì)：積極結(jié)果、消極結(jié)果)的混合實驗設(shè)計,探討兒童在不同心理領(lǐng)域下結(jié)果反事實推理能力的發(fā)展情況及結(jié)果性質(zhì)對兒童結(jié)果反事實推理的影響。結(jié)果顯示：(1)3歲兒童已經(jīng)開始具有了很好的結(jié)果反事實推理能力,3-5歲兒童的結(jié)果反事實推理能力的發(fā)展隨著年齡的增長而提高,且3-4歲之間的發(fā)展速度顯著快于4-5歲之間的發(fā)展速度：(2)3-5歲兒童在不同的心理領(lǐng)域下的結(jié)果反事實推理具有領(lǐng)域特殊性,且對安全領(lǐng)域的推理顯著好于對道德領(lǐng)域和習俗領(lǐng)域的推理；(3)結(jié)果性質(zhì)影響兒童的結(jié)果反事實推理,相對于積極結(jié)果,兒童在消極結(jié)果下的結(jié)果反事實推理成績更好。實驗二采用前提反事實推理任務(wù)范式,選取117名3-5歲幼兒為被試,采用3(年齡：3、4、5歲)×3(心理領(lǐng)域：道德領(lǐng)域、習俗領(lǐng)域、安全領(lǐng)域)×2(結(jié)果嚴重程度：一般結(jié)果、嚴重結(jié)果)的混合實驗設(shè)計,探討兒童在不同心理領(lǐng)域下前提反事實推理能力的發(fā)展情況及結(jié)果嚴重程度對兒童前提反事實推理的影響。結(jié)果顯示：(1)3歲兒童已經(jīng)具備了初步的前提反事實推理能力,且3-5歲兒童的前提反事實推理能力隨著年齡的增長逐漸提高；(2)3-5兒童產(chǎn)生的加法反事實推理的數(shù)量顯著多于減法反事實推理數(shù)量,且兒童的加法反事實思維隨著年齡的增長而顯著提高,但是減法反事實思維則不存在顯著的年齡效應(yīng)；(3)3-5歲兒童的前提反事實推理能力的發(fā)展具有領(lǐng)域特殊性,且安全領(lǐng)域好于道德領(lǐng)域,道德領(lǐng)域好于習俗領(lǐng)域；(4)事實結(jié)果的嚴重程度影響兒童的前提反事實推理,嚴重結(jié)果下產(chǎn)生的反事實推理的數(shù)量多于一般結(jié)果下的產(chǎn)生反事實推理的數(shù)量。綜上研究我們可以得到以下結(jié)論：第一,3歲兒童已經(jīng)具有了反事實推理的能力,且3-5歲兒童的反事實推理能力的發(fā)展隨著年齡的增長而逐步提高。第二,兒童反事推理能力的發(fā)展是領(lǐng)域特殊性的,具體表現(xiàn)為安全領(lǐng)域反事實推理能力的發(fā)展好于道德領(lǐng)域反事實推理能力的發(fā)展,道德領(lǐng)域反事實推理能力的發(fā)展又好于習俗領(lǐng)域反事實推理能力發(fā)展。第四,3-5歲兒童在選擇問題的表現(xiàn)顯著好于解釋問題,產(chǎn)生的加法反事實推理顯著多于減法反事實推理。第三,結(jié)果的性質(zhì)與嚴重程度均會影響兒童反事實推理能力的發(fā)展。相比較積極結(jié)果,兒童在消極結(jié)果下的反事實思維能力更好；相比較一般結(jié)果,兒童在嚴重結(jié)果下產(chǎn)生的反事實推理更多。
[Abstract]:The counterfactual thinking, also called anti-fact reasoning, refers to the negative of what has happened in the past, so as to construct a hypothetical thinking activity. The anti-fact thinking is one of the human's high-level cognitive activities, which is common in our daily life. In recent years, the inquiry into the development of the child's anti-fact thinking has become a hot issue in the development of psychology. At present, the research on the development of the child's anti-fact thinking is still in the initial stage, and the results of the research are not consistent. Therefore, on the basis of summarizing the previous studies, this study further discusses the development of the three-five-year-old children's anti-fact thinking ability in different psychological fields and its influencing factors. The study included two experiments, one of which was based on the result anti-fact-reasoning task paradigm, and 88 children from 3 to 5 years of age were selected to be tested, 3 (age: 3, 4, 5 years) and 3 (mental area: moral field, custom field, safety area) and 2 (outcome property: positive result, The mixed experimental design of the negative result shows the effect of the development of the anti-fact-reasoning ability of the child in different psychological fields and the effect of the result property on the child's outcome. The results showed that: (1) The 3-year-old children had a good result anti-fact-reasoning ability, the results of the 3-5-year-old children were improved with age, and the development speed between 3 and 4 years was significantly faster than that between 4 and 5 years of age. (2) The results of the three-five-year-old children in different psychological fields have the special characteristics of the field, and the reasoning in the safety field is better than the reasoning in the field of the moral field and the custom field; (3) the result property influences the results of the children and the fact-based reasoning, which is relative to the positive result, The result of the negative result of the child is better than the fact-based reasoning. In this paper, a mixed experimental design of 117 children with 3-5 years of age was selected to be tested and 3 (age: 3, 4, 5 years) and 3 (mental area: moral field, custom field, safety area) and 2 (severity of outcome: general result and serious result). The development of the anti-fact-based reasoning ability of children in different psychological fields and the effect of the severity of the result on the anti-fact reasoning of children are discussed. The results show that: (1) 3-year-old children have the preliminary premise of anti-fact-reasoning ability, and the premise of 3-5-year-old children is increasing gradually with the increase of age; (2) the number of addition-counter-fact-based reasoning produced by 3-5 children is significantly more than that of the subtraction anti-fact reasoning, and (3) the development of the premise of the 3-5-year-old children has the special characteristics in the field, and the safety field is good in the field of ethics, The moral field is good in the field of practice; (4) the serious degree of the fact result affects the premise and the fact-based reasoning of the child, and the number of anti-fact reasoning generated under the serious result is more than the number of the anti-fact reasoning under the general result. in sum, we can conclude that that first, three-year-old children have the ability to counter-fact-based reasoning, and the development of the anti-fact-reasoning ability of children between the ages of 3 and 5 has been gradually increased with age. Secondly, the development of the child's anti-fact reasoning ability is the specialty of the field, which is embodied in the development of the anti-fact reasoning ability in the field of security, the development of the anti-fact reasoning ability in the field of morality, the development of the anti-fact reasoning ability in the field of morality and the development of the anti-fact reasoning ability in the custom field. The fourth, the three-five-year-old children's performance in the choice question is better than the interpretation problem, and the addition counter-fact-based reasoning is significantly more than the subtraction anti-fact reasoning. Third, the nature and severity of the result will affect the development of the child's anti-fact reasoning ability. The positive result of the comparison is that the anti-fact thinking ability of the child under the negative result is better, and the result of the comparison is more, and the anti-fact reasoning produced by the child under the severe result is more.
【學位授予單位】：南京師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：B842.5

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