自我肯定對社會排斥者歸屬需求的影響
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-14 20:54
【摘要】：社會排斥是指個體被其他人或某個社會團體所拒絕,個體的關(guān)系需求和歸屬需求的滿足遭到阻礙的現(xiàn)象和過程。社會排斥相關(guān)研究表明,排斥過程中被排斥者的歸屬需求會受損,而歸屬需求是人類的一種基本需求,如果它得不到滿足,將會引起個體一系列認知、情緒和行為上的消極反應(yīng)。以往研究中社會排斥對排斥者歸屬需求的影響涉及較少。Williams和Sommer的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),實驗過程中要求被試主動執(zhí)行排斥的操作是很困難的；Sommer等人的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)排斥者的排斥動機是多樣的,有的研究表明排斥會使排斥者對被排斥者的控制感和力量感增強；但是Williams的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),被排斥者和排斥者在排斥過程中都報告自身歸屬感受損；綜上所述,排斥他人之后,即使排斥者最終獲得了對被排斥者的控制,但他們也犧牲了某種程度的同伴關(guān)系和安全關(guān)系。據(jù)此推測,社會排斥可能也會使排斥者的歸屬感受損,歸屬需求增強。自我肯定是指當個體受到威脅時,通過肯定與威脅無關(guān)領(lǐng)域中的自我價值,使自我體系恢復平衡,維持自我整體性的一種心理防御機制。當個體自身歸屬感受損時,個體可以通過自我肯定的方式維持自我整體性,降低自身的歸屬需求。近期有關(guān)自我肯定的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),當個體肯定自身重要的價值或特質(zhì)時,會產(chǎn)生更多積極的他人導向的感覺,如愛和連接的感覺,而歸屬需求的本質(zhì)就是尋求和維持與他人或其他團體的連接,個體也可以通過自我肯定的方式增強連接感,降低自身的歸屬需求。表達性特質(zhì)和能動性特質(zhì)是描述個體自我的兩個基本維度,研究表明個體可以通過對自身的表達性和能動性特質(zhì)進行肯定的方法來肯定個體自我的價值。因此在本實驗中,我們通過改進經(jīng)典的放逐排斥法,讓排斥者自主選擇是否主動排斥,來探究社會排斥過程中,排斥者歸屬需求的變化及對排斥者的表達性特質(zhì)和能動性特質(zhì)進行自我肯定是否會影響他們的歸屬需求。實驗一探究排斥他人之后,排斥者歸屬需求的變化；實驗二探究表達性自我肯定對排斥者歸屬需求的影響；實驗三探究能動性自我肯定對排斥者歸屬需求的影響。實驗一的結(jié)果表明：排斥他人之后,排斥者的歸屬需求增強；實驗二的結(jié)果表明：排斥者對自身的表達性特質(zhì)進行自我肯定后,其歸屬需求降低；實驗三的結(jié)果表明：排斥者對自身的能動性特質(zhì)進行自我肯定后,其歸屬需求降低。綜上,可得到如下結(jié)論：社會排斥使排斥者的歸屬需求增強,排斥者通過肯定自身的表達性和能動性特質(zhì)均可降低自身的歸屬需求；而這其中的機制可能是排斥他人之后,排斥者的自我概念受損,從而引起排斥者歸屬需求增強,而排斥者通過自我肯定來肯定自我價值,恢復受損的自我概念,緩解自我體系受到威脅而引起的消極反應(yīng),有效降低排斥者的歸屬需求；也可能是自我肯定使排斥者意識到自我以外他們真正關(guān)注的是什么,促使其自我超越,形成了更多他人導向的積極情感,如愛和連接的感覺。
[Abstract]:Social exclusion refers to the phenomenon and process in which an individual is rejected by another person or a social group and the satisfaction of the relationship needs and belonging needs of the individual is hindered. Previous studies have shown that social exclusion has less impact on rejection needs. Williams and Sommer found that it is difficult to ask subjects to actively perform rejection during the experiment; Sommer et al. found rejection motivation There are a variety of studies that show that rejection enhances the sense of control and power of the rejected; but Williams'study found that both rejected and rejected people report loss of belonging during rejection; in summary, after rejection, even if the rejected person eventually gains control of the rejected person, he does. We also sacrifice a certain degree of peer relations and security relations. It is speculated that social exclusion may also impair the sense of belonging and enhance the need for belonging of the excluded. Psychological defense mechanisms. When an individual's sense of belonging is impaired, he or she can maintain self-integrity and reduce his or her need for belonging through self-affirmation. Recent studies on self-affirmation have also found that when an individual affirms an important value or trait of himself or herself, he or she produces more positive other-oriented feelings, such as love and connection. The essence of belonging needs is to seek and maintain the connection with others or other groups. Individuals can also enhance the sense of connection and reduce their own belonging needs through self-affirmation. Expressive and dynamic characteristics are two basic dimensions of describing individual self. Research shows that individuals can express themselves through self-expression. Therefore, in this experiment, by improving the classical method of banishment and exclusion, we let the excluded choose whether to actively exclude, to explore the change of the excluded person's attributive needs and the self-expression and dynamic characteristics of the excluded person in the process of social exclusion. Experiments 1 explored the change in rejection needs after rejection; 2 explored the effect of expressive self-affirmation on rejection needs; and 3 explored the effect of motivational self-affirmation on rejection needs. The result of Experiment 2 shows that the rejector's attribution demand decreases after self-affirmation of his own expressive characteristics; the result of Experiment 3 shows that the rejector's attribution demand decreases after self-affirmation of his own initiative characteristics. The excluder's need for belonging is strengthened, and the excluder's need for belonging can be reduced by affirming his own expressive and dynamic characteristics; and the mechanism may be that after excluding others, the excluder's self-concept is impaired, thus causing the excluder's need for belonging to be strengthened, while the excluder affirms his self-worth and restores himself through self-affirmation. It may also be that self-affirmation makes the excluded realize what they really care about outside of themselves, promotes their self-transcendence, and creates more positive emotions, such as love and connection, directed by others.
【學位授予單位】：西南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：B848
[Abstract]:Social exclusion refers to the phenomenon and process in which an individual is rejected by another person or a social group and the satisfaction of the relationship needs and belonging needs of the individual is hindered. Previous studies have shown that social exclusion has less impact on rejection needs. Williams and Sommer found that it is difficult to ask subjects to actively perform rejection during the experiment; Sommer et al. found rejection motivation There are a variety of studies that show that rejection enhances the sense of control and power of the rejected; but Williams'study found that both rejected and rejected people report loss of belonging during rejection; in summary, after rejection, even if the rejected person eventually gains control of the rejected person, he does. We also sacrifice a certain degree of peer relations and security relations. It is speculated that social exclusion may also impair the sense of belonging and enhance the need for belonging of the excluded. Psychological defense mechanisms. When an individual's sense of belonging is impaired, he or she can maintain self-integrity and reduce his or her need for belonging through self-affirmation. Recent studies on self-affirmation have also found that when an individual affirms an important value or trait of himself or herself, he or she produces more positive other-oriented feelings, such as love and connection. The essence of belonging needs is to seek and maintain the connection with others or other groups. Individuals can also enhance the sense of connection and reduce their own belonging needs through self-affirmation. Expressive and dynamic characteristics are two basic dimensions of describing individual self. Research shows that individuals can express themselves through self-expression. Therefore, in this experiment, by improving the classical method of banishment and exclusion, we let the excluded choose whether to actively exclude, to explore the change of the excluded person's attributive needs and the self-expression and dynamic characteristics of the excluded person in the process of social exclusion. Experiments 1 explored the change in rejection needs after rejection; 2 explored the effect of expressive self-affirmation on rejection needs; and 3 explored the effect of motivational self-affirmation on rejection needs. The result of Experiment 2 shows that the rejector's attribution demand decreases after self-affirmation of his own expressive characteristics; the result of Experiment 3 shows that the rejector's attribution demand decreases after self-affirmation of his own initiative characteristics. The excluder's need for belonging is strengthened, and the excluder's need for belonging can be reduced by affirming his own expressive and dynamic characteristics; and the mechanism may be that after excluding others, the excluder's self-concept is impaired, thus causing the excluder's need for belonging to be strengthened, while the excluder affirms his self-worth and restores himself through self-affirmation. It may also be that self-affirmation makes the excluded realize what they really care about outside of themselves, promotes their self-transcendence, and creates more positive emotions, such as love and connection, directed by others.
【學位授予單位】：西南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：B848
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