【摘要】：人類居住在一個(gè)多維度的環(huán)境中,我們依據(jù)不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)社會(huì)進(jìn)行分類,如多民族、多國(guó)家、多種族、多性別、多社會(huì)階層等。人們將擁有共同歸屬感、相同的同一性感受的一群人稱為內(nèi)群體,其余則稱為外群體。歸屬于某一群體會(huì)給個(gè)體帶來(lái)心理上的獲益,個(gè)體也在群體中與他人進(jìn)行比較獲得自我存在的價(jià)值。在群際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)過程中,當(dāng)內(nèi)群體的存在、發(fā)展和目標(biāo)受到外群體的影響時(shí),群際威脅就產(chǎn)生了。這種群際威脅是群體成員主觀感知到的沖突,不管這種威脅是否真實(shí)存在,感知到的威脅已經(jīng)引起了真實(shí)的后果。個(gè)體具有自我增強(qiáng)的動(dòng)機(jī),為保護(hù)自己的積極形象,往往會(huì)對(duì)內(nèi)群體持積極態(tài)度,對(duì)外群體持厭惡憎恨的態(tài)度,即內(nèi)群體偏愛和外群體厭惡,對(duì)外群和內(nèi)群產(chǎn)生認(rèn)知偏差。但弱勢(shì)群體成員對(duì)內(nèi)群體的評(píng)價(jià)往往不像高地位群體成員對(duì)內(nèi)群體的評(píng)價(jià)那么積極,對(duì)他們常常對(duì)內(nèi)群體抱有矛盾和沖突的態(tài)度,對(duì)外群體反而有著較積極的態(tài)度,已有大量研究者質(zhì)疑,在對(duì)社會(huì)比較判斷偏差進(jìn)行解釋時(shí),是否過于將自我增強(qiáng)的動(dòng)機(jī)作為原因來(lái)解釋。依據(jù)外群體比較模型和群體評(píng)價(jià)外溢模型,自我評(píng)價(jià)與外群體評(píng)價(jià)呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系,自我評(píng)價(jià)作為群體評(píng)價(jià)的重要組成部分,群際威脅會(huì)導(dǎo)致個(gè)體對(duì)內(nèi)群體產(chǎn)生消極的評(píng)價(jià),那么當(dāng)弱勢(shì)群體感知到來(lái)自外群體的威脅時(shí),個(gè)體對(duì)自我的評(píng)價(jià)又是什么狀態(tài)?社會(huì)地位的不同直接影響個(gè)體的自我評(píng)價(jià),經(jīng)濟(jì)水平作為社會(huì)分類的主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn),低經(jīng)濟(jì)地位群體成員權(quán)力、資源等方面的缺乏而處于明顯的弱勢(shì)地位,屬于弱勢(shì)群體,同時(shí)由于經(jīng)濟(jì)地位分類的邊界可滲透性,低經(jīng)濟(jì)地位群體成員會(huì)表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈的脫離內(nèi)群體進(jìn)入高經(jīng)濟(jì)地位群體的動(dòng)機(jī),那么低經(jīng)濟(jì)地位群體成員在感知到威脅后對(duì)自身的評(píng)價(jià)會(huì)表現(xiàn)出何種特征?本研究以群際威脅作為切入點(diǎn),以低經(jīng)濟(jì)地位群體的大學(xué)生作為弱勢(shì)群體,設(shè)計(jì)三個(gè)研究探討群際威脅情境下弱勢(shì)群體的自我評(píng)價(jià)研究,通過內(nèi)隱和外顯的途徑對(duì)這一問題進(jìn)行研究。研究中篩選出低經(jīng)濟(jì)地位群體大學(xué)生作為被試,編制了高低經(jīng)濟(jì)地位大學(xué)生在就業(yè)時(shí)因資源、權(quán)力等的差距而對(duì)就業(yè)產(chǎn)生影響的威脅材料。實(shí)驗(yàn)一通過情景投射測(cè)驗(yàn),要求被試站在低經(jīng)濟(jì)地位大學(xué)生的角度去考慮其可能表現(xiàn),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),在感知到群際威脅之后,低經(jīng)濟(jì)地位大學(xué)生會(huì)投入相當(dāng)?shù)木?zhǔn)備競(jìng)爭(zhēng),但對(duì)結(jié)果的預(yù)期顯著降低,核心自我評(píng)價(jià)也顯著低于控制組。實(shí)驗(yàn)二通過外顯的直接測(cè)量的方式,研究群際威脅情境下弱勢(shì)群體成員對(duì)自我的外顯評(píng)價(jià),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)被試感知到威脅之后,對(duì)自我的評(píng)價(jià)顯著高于控制組,而且在此過程中成就動(dòng)機(jī)起到了完全中介的作用。實(shí)驗(yàn)三采用情緒啟動(dòng)任務(wù)的內(nèi)隱任務(wù)判斷對(duì)低經(jīng)濟(jì)地位群體成員的感知到威脅后自動(dòng)激活的態(tài)度進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),威脅組的反應(yīng)速度顯著低于控制組；自我啟動(dòng)狀態(tài)下對(duì)消極詞的反應(yīng)速度慢于對(duì)積極詞的反應(yīng)速度。本研究結(jié)果表明：(1)群際威脅情境下,低經(jīng)濟(jì)地位群體仍會(huì)投入精力參與競(jìng)爭(zhēng),但對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)結(jié)果的預(yù)期降低,自我評(píng)價(jià)降低。(2)群際威脅影響低經(jīng)濟(jì)地位群體的自我評(píng)價(jià)。在群際威脅情境下,低經(jīng)濟(jì)地位群體成員對(duì)自我的評(píng)價(jià)內(nèi)隱層面上呈現(xiàn)消極評(píng)價(jià),外顯層面上呈現(xiàn)積極評(píng)價(jià)。(3)群際威脅激發(fā)了低經(jīng)濟(jì)地位群體成員的成就動(dòng)機(jī),對(duì)自我評(píng)價(jià)積極。
[Abstract]:Human beings live in a multi-dimensional environment, and we classify societies according to different criteria, such as multi-ethnic, multi-national, multi-ethnic, multi-gender, multi-social class, etc. People will have a common sense of belonging, the same sexuality of a group of people known as the inner group, the rest as the outer group. In the process of inter-group competition, inter-group threats arise when the existence, development and goals of the inner group are affected by those of the outer group. This inter-group threat is a conflict perceived by the members of the group, whether the threat is real or not. The perceived threat has already caused real consequences. Individuals have self-reinforcing motives. In order to protect their positive image, they tend to take a positive attitude toward the inner group and a hateful attitude toward the outer group, i.e. inner group preference and outer group aversion, resulting in cognitive bias toward the outer group and inner group. The evaluation is often not as positive as that of the members of the high-ranking group on the internal group. They often have contradictory and conflicting attitudes towards the internal group, but have a more positive attitude towards the external group. A large number of researchers have questioned whether the motivation of self-enhancement is excessively taken as the cause in explaining the bias of social comparative judgment. According to the external group comparison model and the group evaluation spillover model, the self-evaluation is positively correlated with the external group evaluation. As an important part of the group evaluation, the self-evaluation will lead to a negative evaluation of the internal group. Then when the vulnerable group perceives the threat from the external group, the individual will make a positive correlation with the external group evaluation. What is the status of my evaluation? Different social status directly affects the individual's self-evaluation, economic level as the main criteria of social classification, low economic status group members lack of power, resources and other aspects of the obvious vulnerable position, belonging to the vulnerable groups, at the same time because of the economic status of the classification of the boundary permeability, low economic status. Members of economic status groups will show a strong motivation to leave the inner group and enter the high-economic status group. Then what characteristics will the members of low-economic status group show when they perceive the threat to themselves? This study takes the inter-group threat as the breakthrough point, and takes the college students of low-economic status group as the disadvantaged group to design three types. This study explores the self-evaluation of vulnerable groups in the context of inter-group threats, and studies this problem through implicit and explicit ways. In the study, students of low economic status are selected as subjects, and the threatening materials of the employment of high and low economic status students are compiled. Material. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to consider their possible performance from the perspective of low-income college students. The results showed that low-income college students would devote considerable energy to preparing for competition after perceived intergroup threats, but their expectations for the results were significantly reduced, and their core self-evaluation was significantly lower than that of the control group. In Experiment 2, the explicit self-evaluation of vulnerable group members in inter-group threat situations was studied by explicit direct measurement. The results showed that the self-evaluation of vulnerable group members was significantly higher than that of control group when they perceived the threat, and the achievement motivation played a completely mediating role in the process. Hidden task judgment was used to examine the attitudes of the low-economic-status group members to perceive threats and activate automatically. The results showed that the response speed of the threat group was significantly lower than that of the control group. Economic status groups will still devote their energy to competition, but their expectations of competition results will be reduced and their self-evaluation will be reduced. (2) Intergroup threats affect the self-evaluation of low-economic status groups. Intergroup threats stimulate the achievement motivation of members of low economic status group, and are positive for self-evaluation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：B842.1

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本文編號(hào)：2241999