依戀回避者安全依戀的形成條件及干預研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-05 07:54
【摘要】：安全依戀產(chǎn)生于嬰兒期個體根據(jù)照料者(依戀對象)一貫的積極回應而對依戀對象總是會在自己面臨威脅的時候可獲得并且可提供支持的一種理解和信任。為了避免因為依戀對象的不可獲得而導致的挫敗感和痛苦感,一部分個體在成長過程中逐漸開始否定自己的依戀需求,他們傾向于獨自處理面臨的威脅,對依戀關(guān)系中的親密感進行回避,和他人保持最大程度的認知、情感和身體距離,這一部分個體逐漸發(fā)展成為以抑制和回避為特征的依戀回避者。由于過去依戀對象總是對自己的親密感需求敏感性低、忽視或拒絕,因此在依戀回避者的依戀內(nèi)部工作模式中,他人是不回應的、不可信的,自己是不值得被關(guān)愛的。然而,依戀回避者的這種不安全的內(nèi)部工作模式并不一定是穩(wěn)定不變的,有研究者認為,依戀的內(nèi)部工作模式會同化和順應新的信息,并隨之發(fā)生改變。有研究者認為,個體對過去經(jīng)驗的編碼決定了將來如何對相似的經(jīng)驗進行加工,當遇到新的事件時,首先這個事件會作為意外事件被個體記錄,但如果該事件不斷重復發(fā)生,則一個新的圖式就會建立起來。通常情況下,依戀回避是與對情感信息的認知和行為回避相聯(lián)系的,而通過本研究的實驗設(shè)計,依戀回避者能夠在新關(guān)系建立過程中,每當面臨威脅時都能夠重復體驗到安全的人際支持和回應。本研究通過反復在威脅性刺激下進行微笑面孔搜索的方式為依戀回避者重構(gòu)新的安全依戀基地圖式,獲得關(guān)于其安全依戀形成條件的相關(guān)信息,關(guān)注這一方法所帶來的效應及表現(xiàn),以及探討對依戀回避者的安全依戀形成進行干預的有效性。本研究的主體研究共包含兩個部分,分別對依戀回避者安全依戀形成的條件和依戀回避者安全依戀形成的干預方法進行了考察。第一部分包含研究一至研究五。研究一考察了依戀回避者對應答性微笑面孔的選擇性注意;研究二考察了應答性微笑面孔對依戀回避者情緒的調(diào)節(jié)作用,研究三考察的是依戀回避者積極情緒的啟動效應;研究四考察了依戀回避者的安全依戀情感啟動效應;研究五探究了依戀回避者安全依戀行為產(chǎn)生的可能性。該部分研究的主要發(fā)現(xiàn)有:第一,面臨威脅會促進依戀回避者更快地從無關(guān)信息中搜索到應答性的微笑面孔,面臨威脅是依戀回避者對他人的積極應答產(chǎn)生注意優(yōu)勢效應的前提條件,依戀回避者對求助對象的注意選擇可能是在無意識基礎(chǔ)上產(chǎn)生的。第二,威脅刺激會降低依戀回避者的積極情緒,也會提高依戀回避者的消極情緒,但如果在面臨威脅時總是能夠獲得他人的積極應答,則會使得依戀回避者的積極情緒得到維持而消極情緒得到改善。第三,無論是否面臨威脅,他人的積極應答都能夠啟動低回避者的積極情緒,而只有在面臨威脅時,應答性微笑面孔才能夠使高回避者獲得積極情緒啟動。第四,用反復在面臨威脅時獲得他人積極應答的方式為依戀回避者重構(gòu)安全基地圖式是有效的,安全基地圖式的重構(gòu)能夠啟動依戀回避者的安全依戀情感。第五,高依戀回避者對依戀情感信息存在普遍的回避,他們的這種回避傾向不會因為自己是否面臨威脅而發(fā)生改變,而他人的積極情感應答會對高回避者的行為產(chǎn)生積極影響,通過安全基地圖式的重構(gòu),依戀回避者能夠產(chǎn)生向安全依戀情感信息進行趨近的行為傾向,這說明了高回避者的依戀行為傾向具有可變性。第二部分包含研究六和研究七,分別從行為和認知角度用不同的實驗范式對依戀回避者安全依戀形成的可能性進行干預。研究六考察了用趨近/回避任務范式(approach-avoidancetask,aat)作為干預手段,對高依戀回避者行為傾向進行訓練的有效性以及及其對人際交往中情緒的影響。研究六包含兩個分實驗,分實驗一是對高回避者行為傾向的訓練實驗,分實驗二是對分實驗一訓練效果的驗證實驗。研究七通過人際關(guān)系團體輔導的方法,對依戀回避者不安全的內(nèi)部工作模式進行改善。這一部分研究的主要發(fā)現(xiàn)有:第一,高回避者的依戀回避程度越高,越容易產(chǎn)生對安全依戀情感信息的回避行為;趨近/回避任務范式(aat)是訓練高回避者依戀行為的有效范式;高回避者能夠通過行為訓練產(chǎn)生對安全依戀情感信息的趨近行為,且訓練效果均可以在相似的經(jīng)驗中得到維持;對安全依戀情感信息的趨近訓練可以使高回避者在新的人際互動關(guān)系中獲得更積極的情緒體驗。第二,人際關(guān)系團體輔導能夠提高依戀回避者的自尊水平,建立積極的自我模型;人際關(guān)系團體輔導能夠提高依戀回避者對他人的容納程度,建立積極的他人模型;人際關(guān)系團體輔導通過改變依戀回避者的認知模式,對其依戀內(nèi)部工作模型起到了改善作用。綜上,本研究的結(jié)果證明了,依戀回避者能夠形成安全的依戀關(guān)系,用反復在威脅性刺激下進行應答性微笑面孔搜索的方式重構(gòu)安全基地圖式,是依戀回避者獲得依戀安全感的關(guān)鍵,其中,威脅刺激、應答性微笑面孔以及搜索過程的重復是依戀回避者安全依戀形成的條件。并且,對依戀回避者的行為和認知進行干預,均能夠促進其安全依戀關(guān)系的形成。本研究的創(chuàng)新之處體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面:其一是研究思路的創(chuàng)新,以為依戀回避者重構(gòu)安全基地圖式為基礎(chǔ),探討其安全依戀形成的可能性;其二是研究方法的創(chuàng)新,用反復在威脅性刺激下對應答性微笑面孔進行搜索的方式來對依戀回避者進行安全基地圖式重構(gòu),還原了安全依戀產(chǎn)生的最初過程(即在面臨威脅時總能獲得依戀對象的積極應答),較之以往研究所使用的其他安全依戀啟動方法更具有生態(tài)學意義;其三是研究材料的創(chuàng)新,本研究并未使用依戀對象的面孔,而是用了陌生人的微笑面孔來代表他人的積極應答,并賦予了其安全依戀的意義,象征性地激活了依戀回避者的安全依戀表征,而陌生的微笑面孔作為實驗材料對于探討新的安全依戀關(guān)系建立過程是有價值的。其四的干預手段的創(chuàng)新,在依戀研究領(lǐng)域中,首次使用行為訓練以及團體輔導的方式對不安全依戀者依戀風格的改變進行了探索,干預方法在實踐中的可行性較強。
[Abstract]:Safety attachment arises from an infant's understanding and trust that a caregiver's consistent positive response to the attachment will always be available and supportive when faced with a threat. To avoid frustration and pain caused by the unavailability of the attachment, some individuals are successful. They tend to deal with threats alone, avoid intimacy in attachment relationships, and maintain maximum cognitive, emotional, and physical distance from others. These individuals gradually develop into attachment avoiders characterized by inhibition and avoidance. Objects are always insensitive to their own needs for intimacy, neglecting or refusing, so in the attachment avoider's internal work model, others are unresponsive, unreliable, and unworthy of care. However, this insecure internal work model of attachment avoider is not necessarily stable, some researchers believe. Researchers believe that the encoding of past experiences determines how similar experiences are processed in the future. When new events occur, the event is first recorded as an accident by the individual, but if the event recurs over and over again. In general, attachment avoidance is associated with cognitive and behavioral avoidance of emotional information. Through the experimental design of this study, attachment avoidance can repeatedly experience safe interpersonal support and response whenever faced with threats in the process of establishing new relationships. Repeated smiling face searches under threatening stimuli reconstruct a new safety attachment base schema for attachment avoiders, obtain relevant information about the formation conditions of their safety attachment, focus on the effects and performance of this method, and explore the effectiveness of intervention in the formation of safety attachment for attachment avoiders. The main body of the study consists of two parts: the conditions for the formation of attachment avoidance's safe attachment and the intervention methods for the formation of attachment avoidance's safe attachment. The third study examined the priming effect of attachment avoidance's positive emotion; the fourth study examined the priming effect of attachment avoidance's safe attachment emotion; the fifth study explored the possibility of safe attachment behavior of attachment avoidance. Confronting threats can promote attachment avoiders to search for responsive smiling faces from unrelated information more quickly. Confronting threats is the precondition for attachment avoiders to have attention superiority effect on other people's positive response. Attention selection of attachment avoiders to help-seeking objects may be unconscious. Secondly, threat stimulus can be induced. Reducing the positive emotions of attachment avoiders will also increase the negative emotions of attachment avoiders. However, if we can always get positive responses from others when facing threats, the positive emotions of attachment avoiders will be maintained and the negative emotions will be improved. Fourthly, it is effective to reconstruct the safety base schema for attachment avoiders by repeatedly obtaining positive responses from others in the face of threats. Reconstruction of the safety base schema can initiate attachment avoidance. Fifth, there is a general avoidance of attachment emotional information among high-attachment avoiders. Their avoidance tendencies will not change because of whether they are threatened or not, and the positive emotional response of others will have a positive impact on the behavior of high-avoidance. By reconstructing the safety base schema, attachment avoidance will be avoided. The second part includes six studies and seven studies, which intervene the possibility of safe attachment formation by different experimental paradigms from behavioral and cognitive perspectives. This study used approach-avoidance task (aat) as a means of intervention to train the behavior tendency of high-attachment avoiders and its effect on emotion in interpersonal communication. The main findings of this study are as follows: Firstly, the higher the degree of attachment avoidance, the more likely the avoidance behavior to secure attachment emotional information is to occur; AAt is an effective paradigm to train high avoiders'attachment behavior; high avoiders can produce the approaching behavior to secure attachment emotional information through behavior training, and the training effect can be maintained in similar experience; the approaching training to secure attachment emotional information can make high avoiders in new interpersonal interaction relationship. Second, interpersonal group counseling can improve the self-esteem level of attachment avoiders and establish a positive self-model; interpersonal group counseling can improve the degree of acceptance of attachment avoiders to others and establish a positive model of others; interpersonal group counseling can change the cognition of attachment avoiders. In summary, the results of this study show that attachment avoidance can form a secure attachment relationship, and reconstructing the security base schema by repeatedly responding to threatening stimuli with smiling faces is the key to attachment avoidance. Hypochondriac stimulation, responsive smiling faces and repetition of search process are the prerequisites for the formation of attachment avoidance. Moreover, intervention in the behavior and cognition of attachment avoidance can promote the formation of their attachment relationship. The innovation of this study is reflected in the following aspects: First, the innovation of research ideas, for attachment. On the basis of reconstructing the security base schema of attachment evaders, the possibility of their security attachment formation is discussed. The second is the innovation of research methods, which reconstructs the security base schema of attachment evaders by searching the responding smiling faces repeatedly under threat stimuli, and restores the initial process of the security attachment formation (i.e. in the face). The third is the innovation of research materials. This study does not use the face of the attachment object, but uses the smiling face of strangers to represent the positive response of others, and gives them security. The significance of attachment symbolically activates the safe attachment representation of attachment avoiders, and unfamiliar smiling faces as experimental materials are valuable for exploring the process of establishing new safe attachment relationships. The attachment styles of attachment were explored, and the feasibility of intervention method in practice was strong.
【學位授予單位】：西南大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：B842
，
本文編號：2223657
[Abstract]:Safety attachment arises from an infant's understanding and trust that a caregiver's consistent positive response to the attachment will always be available and supportive when faced with a threat. To avoid frustration and pain caused by the unavailability of the attachment, some individuals are successful. They tend to deal with threats alone, avoid intimacy in attachment relationships, and maintain maximum cognitive, emotional, and physical distance from others. These individuals gradually develop into attachment avoiders characterized by inhibition and avoidance. Objects are always insensitive to their own needs for intimacy, neglecting or refusing, so in the attachment avoider's internal work model, others are unresponsive, unreliable, and unworthy of care. However, this insecure internal work model of attachment avoider is not necessarily stable, some researchers believe. Researchers believe that the encoding of past experiences determines how similar experiences are processed in the future. When new events occur, the event is first recorded as an accident by the individual, but if the event recurs over and over again. In general, attachment avoidance is associated with cognitive and behavioral avoidance of emotional information. Through the experimental design of this study, attachment avoidance can repeatedly experience safe interpersonal support and response whenever faced with threats in the process of establishing new relationships. Repeated smiling face searches under threatening stimuli reconstruct a new safety attachment base schema for attachment avoiders, obtain relevant information about the formation conditions of their safety attachment, focus on the effects and performance of this method, and explore the effectiveness of intervention in the formation of safety attachment for attachment avoiders. The main body of the study consists of two parts: the conditions for the formation of attachment avoidance's safe attachment and the intervention methods for the formation of attachment avoidance's safe attachment. The third study examined the priming effect of attachment avoidance's positive emotion; the fourth study examined the priming effect of attachment avoidance's safe attachment emotion; the fifth study explored the possibility of safe attachment behavior of attachment avoidance. Confronting threats can promote attachment avoiders to search for responsive smiling faces from unrelated information more quickly. Confronting threats is the precondition for attachment avoiders to have attention superiority effect on other people's positive response. Attention selection of attachment avoiders to help-seeking objects may be unconscious. Secondly, threat stimulus can be induced. Reducing the positive emotions of attachment avoiders will also increase the negative emotions of attachment avoiders. However, if we can always get positive responses from others when facing threats, the positive emotions of attachment avoiders will be maintained and the negative emotions will be improved. Fourthly, it is effective to reconstruct the safety base schema for attachment avoiders by repeatedly obtaining positive responses from others in the face of threats. Reconstruction of the safety base schema can initiate attachment avoidance. Fifth, there is a general avoidance of attachment emotional information among high-attachment avoiders. Their avoidance tendencies will not change because of whether they are threatened or not, and the positive emotional response of others will have a positive impact on the behavior of high-avoidance. By reconstructing the safety base schema, attachment avoidance will be avoided. The second part includes six studies and seven studies, which intervene the possibility of safe attachment formation by different experimental paradigms from behavioral and cognitive perspectives. This study used approach-avoidance task (aat) as a means of intervention to train the behavior tendency of high-attachment avoiders and its effect on emotion in interpersonal communication. The main findings of this study are as follows: Firstly, the higher the degree of attachment avoidance, the more likely the avoidance behavior to secure attachment emotional information is to occur; AAt is an effective paradigm to train high avoiders'attachment behavior; high avoiders can produce the approaching behavior to secure attachment emotional information through behavior training, and the training effect can be maintained in similar experience; the approaching training to secure attachment emotional information can make high avoiders in new interpersonal interaction relationship. Second, interpersonal group counseling can improve the self-esteem level of attachment avoiders and establish a positive self-model; interpersonal group counseling can improve the degree of acceptance of attachment avoiders to others and establish a positive model of others; interpersonal group counseling can change the cognition of attachment avoiders. In summary, the results of this study show that attachment avoidance can form a secure attachment relationship, and reconstructing the security base schema by repeatedly responding to threatening stimuli with smiling faces is the key to attachment avoidance. Hypochondriac stimulation, responsive smiling faces and repetition of search process are the prerequisites for the formation of attachment avoidance. Moreover, intervention in the behavior and cognition of attachment avoidance can promote the formation of their attachment relationship. The innovation of this study is reflected in the following aspects: First, the innovation of research ideas, for attachment. On the basis of reconstructing the security base schema of attachment evaders, the possibility of their security attachment formation is discussed. The second is the innovation of research methods, which reconstructs the security base schema of attachment evaders by searching the responding smiling faces repeatedly under threat stimuli, and restores the initial process of the security attachment formation (i.e. in the face). The third is the innovation of research materials. This study does not use the face of the attachment object, but uses the smiling face of strangers to represent the positive response of others, and gives them security. The significance of attachment symbolically activates the safe attachment representation of attachment avoiders, and unfamiliar smiling faces as experimental materials are valuable for exploring the process of establishing new safe attachment relationships. The attachment styles of attachment were explored, and the feasibility of intervention method in practice was strong.
【學位授予單位】：西南大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：B842
，
本文編號：2223657
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