自我損耗對兒童分享行為的影響及其克服
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-07 21:26
【摘要】：親社會行為是指有利于別人的行為,作為親社會行為的典型表現(xiàn),兒童分享行為的發(fā)生發(fā)展及其影響因素一直受到學(xué)界廣泛關(guān)注。根據(jù)生物進(jìn)化理論,個(gè)體本能傾向于那些能夠給自己帶來好處的行為,也就是說,個(gè)體表現(xiàn)出的親社會行為之下,隱藏著許多自私自利的內(nèi)部沖動和行為傾向。研究表明,盡管分享行為發(fā)展較早,但是對幼兒來說,自發(fā)表現(xiàn)出共享有價(jià)值資源的親社會行為是很困難的,需要對自私自利的內(nèi)部沖動進(jìn)行控制。日常生活中,我們往往遇到自控失敗的情況,自我控制的效果并非在所有情況下都盡如人意。據(jù)此,Baumeister和同事們提出了自我控制的資源模型,即有限自制力理論,并提出自我損耗的概念。他們將自我控制視為一種內(nèi)在能力,且這一能力依賴某些有限的內(nèi)部資源,資源越充沛,個(gè)體自我控制的效果越好。當(dāng)先前任務(wù)消耗這種資源時(shí),個(gè)體將處于自我損耗(ego-depletion)狀態(tài),消耗越多,那么接下來在需要控制參與的任務(wù)上就越不可能成功。隨后,研究者又進(jìn)一步提出了自我損耗的過程模型,從動機(jī)角度來解釋完成需要自我控制的任務(wù)之后,個(gè)體動機(jī)(motivation)和注意(attention)變化而引發(fā)的自控失敗。回顧關(guān)于自我損耗及其后效的研究,大多以青少年或大學(xué)生為被試,鮮有關(guān)于損耗后效對兒童甚至幼兒影響的研究。學(xué)齡前(3-5歲)個(gè)體前額葉皮層神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)和大腦皮質(zhì)抑制機(jī)能逐漸完善,自我控制能力隨年齡增長不斷發(fā)展,直至處于穩(wěn)定。從理論上講,由于自我控制資源的有限性,每個(gè)個(gè)體都有可能處于損耗狀態(tài),越小的個(gè)體自我調(diào)控水平越低,越容易發(fā)生損耗,對其影響也會越大。因而實(shí)驗(yàn)一將關(guān)注兒童自我損耗研究的可行性,選取某幼兒園大班、中班、小班的兒童,探討抵制誘惑范式能否引發(fā)兒童的自我損耗狀態(tài),并采用雙任務(wù)范式來研究自我損耗對兒童分享行為的影響,及可能存在的年齡差異。如果自我損耗能影響兒童的分享行為,那么其后效是否可以通過一些外在干預(yù)誘導(dǎo)進(jìn)行克服呢?這將是本研究關(guān)注的第二個(gè)重要問題。實(shí)驗(yàn)二在實(shí)驗(yàn)一的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步探討自我損耗對兒童分享行為的影響是否可以通過外在公平誘導(dǎo)而克服,利己和利他誘導(dǎo)又會對其產(chǎn)生什么影響。本研究結(jié)果表明:(1)抵制誘惑范式能有效啟動兒童的自我損耗狀態(tài),兒童分享行為本身具有很強(qiáng)的利己傾向,而自我損耗會加劇這種傾向;(2)自我損耗對兒童分享行為的影響出現(xiàn)年齡波動,表現(xiàn)為對中班兒童的利他分享影響較大,其次是小班,對大班兒童的影響并不明顯;(3)當(dāng)兒童處于自我損耗狀態(tài)時(shí),外在的公平誘導(dǎo)并不能有效克服損耗的后效,而利他誘導(dǎo)對后效的克服有一定效果,利己誘導(dǎo)會進(jìn)一步加深損耗的后效。
[Abstract]:Prosocial behavior refers to the behavior that is beneficial to others. As a typical manifestation of pro-social behavior, the occurrence and development of children's sharing behavior and its influencing factors have been widely concerned by academic circles. According to the theory of biological evolution, the individual instinct tends to the behavior that can bring good to oneself, that is to say, under the prosocial behavior of the individual, there are many selfish internal impulses and behavioral tendencies. The study shows that although the behavior of sharing develops earlier, it is difficult for young children to spontaneously show the prosocial behavior of sharing valuable resources, and it is necessary to control the internal impulse of selfishness. In our daily life, we often encounter the failure of self-control, and the effect of self-control is not satisfactory in all cases. Based on this, Baumeister and his colleagues put forward a resource model of self-control, that is, the theory of finite self-control, and put forward the concept of self-depletion. They regard self-control as an internal ability, and this ability depends on some limited internal resources. The more abundant the resources, the better the effect of individual self-control. When the previous task consumes this resource, the individual will be in a ego-depletion state. The more it consumes, the less likely it is to succeed in the task of controlling participation. Then, the researchers further proposed a process model of self-depletion, which explains the failure of self-control caused by the change of individual motivation (motivation) and attention to (attention) after the completion of self-control tasks from the perspective of motivation. Most of the studies on self-loss and its aftereffects were conducted by adolescents or college students, but there were few studies on the effects of loss after-effects on children and even young children. The neural network system of prefrontal cortex and the inhibition function of cerebral cortex were improved gradually in preschool (3-5 years old) and the self-control ability developed continuously with age until it was stable. Theoretically, due to the limitation of self-control resources, each individual is likely to be in a state of depletion. The smaller the level of self-regulation, the easier it will be, and the greater the impact on it. Therefore, the first experiment will focus on the feasibility of the study of children's self-loss, select children from large, middle and small classes in a kindergarten, and explore whether the paradigm of resisting temptation can lead to children's self-depletion. The effect of self-loss on children's sharing behavior and possible age difference were studied by using two-task paradigm. If self-loss can affect children's sharing behavior, can the after-effects be overcome through some extrinsic intervention inducement? This will be the second important issue in this study. On the basis of experiment one, the second experiment explores whether the influence of self-loss on children's sharing behavior can be overcome by external fair inducement, and what effect altruism and altruism inducement will have on it. The results show that: (1) the anti-temptation paradigm can effectively trigger the self-depletion of children, children's sharing behavior itself has a strong self-interest tendency, But the self-loss will aggravate this tendency; (2) the influence of self-loss on children's sharing behavior shows age fluctuation, which shows that the altruistic sharing of middle class children has a greater impact, followed by small class, (3) when the children are in the state of self-loss, the external fair inducement can not effectively overcome the after-effects of loss, but altruism inducement has some effect on the after-effects. Self-interest induces will further deepen the loss of aftereffects.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：曲阜師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：B844.1
本文編號：2171394
[Abstract]:Prosocial behavior refers to the behavior that is beneficial to others. As a typical manifestation of pro-social behavior, the occurrence and development of children's sharing behavior and its influencing factors have been widely concerned by academic circles. According to the theory of biological evolution, the individual instinct tends to the behavior that can bring good to oneself, that is to say, under the prosocial behavior of the individual, there are many selfish internal impulses and behavioral tendencies. The study shows that although the behavior of sharing develops earlier, it is difficult for young children to spontaneously show the prosocial behavior of sharing valuable resources, and it is necessary to control the internal impulse of selfishness. In our daily life, we often encounter the failure of self-control, and the effect of self-control is not satisfactory in all cases. Based on this, Baumeister and his colleagues put forward a resource model of self-control, that is, the theory of finite self-control, and put forward the concept of self-depletion. They regard self-control as an internal ability, and this ability depends on some limited internal resources. The more abundant the resources, the better the effect of individual self-control. When the previous task consumes this resource, the individual will be in a ego-depletion state. The more it consumes, the less likely it is to succeed in the task of controlling participation. Then, the researchers further proposed a process model of self-depletion, which explains the failure of self-control caused by the change of individual motivation (motivation) and attention to (attention) after the completion of self-control tasks from the perspective of motivation. Most of the studies on self-loss and its aftereffects were conducted by adolescents or college students, but there were few studies on the effects of loss after-effects on children and even young children. The neural network system of prefrontal cortex and the inhibition function of cerebral cortex were improved gradually in preschool (3-5 years old) and the self-control ability developed continuously with age until it was stable. Theoretically, due to the limitation of self-control resources, each individual is likely to be in a state of depletion. The smaller the level of self-regulation, the easier it will be, and the greater the impact on it. Therefore, the first experiment will focus on the feasibility of the study of children's self-loss, select children from large, middle and small classes in a kindergarten, and explore whether the paradigm of resisting temptation can lead to children's self-depletion. The effect of self-loss on children's sharing behavior and possible age difference were studied by using two-task paradigm. If self-loss can affect children's sharing behavior, can the after-effects be overcome through some extrinsic intervention inducement? This will be the second important issue in this study. On the basis of experiment one, the second experiment explores whether the influence of self-loss on children's sharing behavior can be overcome by external fair inducement, and what effect altruism and altruism inducement will have on it. The results show that: (1) the anti-temptation paradigm can effectively trigger the self-depletion of children, children's sharing behavior itself has a strong self-interest tendency, But the self-loss will aggravate this tendency; (2) the influence of self-loss on children's sharing behavior shows age fluctuation, which shows that the altruistic sharing of middle class children has a greater impact, followed by small class, (3) when the children are in the state of self-loss, the external fair inducement can not effectively overcome the after-effects of loss, but altruism inducement has some effect on the after-effects. Self-interest induces will further deepen the loss of aftereffects.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：曲阜師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：B844.1
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