本文選題：公平 + 優(yōu)劣勢(shì)地位　； 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：公平是人類社會(huì)生活中的重要概念,對(duì)公平相關(guān)主題的研究一直以來(lái)都是社會(huì)決策領(lǐng)域關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)。目前,在公平相關(guān)主題的研究中,研究者們往往通過(guò)博弈任務(wù)(如最后通牒博弈)來(lái)簡(jiǎn)化現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的復(fù)雜公平行為,從而對(duì)公平相關(guān)的心理機(jī)制、神經(jīng)機(jī)制以及進(jìn)化機(jī)制進(jìn)行了深入廣泛的探討。然而,這些簡(jiǎn)化的博弈任務(wù)往往忽視了在公平加工中主體間本身可能就存在著諸如資源、權(quán)力等不對(duì)稱(相對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)或劣勢(shì))地位的差異。Van Lange等人(2013)認(rèn)為,個(gè)體間的這種不對(duì)稱地位不僅在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活極為普遍,而且在社會(huì)決策的研究中有著特殊的意義。尤其是在公平加工中,不對(duì)稱性地位使得個(gè)體間在公平?jīng)Q策前已經(jīng)存在著不對(duì)等的地位,因此,對(duì)主體間不對(duì)稱效應(yīng)的探討將有利于進(jìn)一步明晰人類在復(fù)雜社會(huì)情境中的公平行為�；谝陨戏治�,本研究把這一“不對(duì)稱性”概念引入公平加工的研究中,擬考察博弈主體間不對(duì)稱性地位對(duì)公平加工的影響。 在不對(duì)稱的社會(huì)決策情境中,由于個(gè)體間初始資源的擁有或是收益的分配的差異,每個(gè)個(gè)體都將處于一種相對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)或劣勢(shì)的位置。在這種優(yōu)/劣勢(shì)地位中,有些是可逆的、相對(duì)不穩(wěn)定的,例如暫時(shí)的經(jīng)濟(jì)資源,它可能隨著時(shí)間的變化而發(fā)生逆轉(zhuǎn)；而有些是不可逆的、相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的,如生理疾病(肢體殘疾等),它在大多數(shù)情況下很少發(fā)生逆轉(zhuǎn)。而這種優(yōu)/劣勢(shì)地位的相對(duì)穩(wěn)定性被認(rèn)為將顯著影響個(gè)體的社會(huì)決策行為(ManerMead,2010)。因此,在本研究中,將分別從經(jīng)濟(jì)資源——可逆性優(yōu)/劣勢(shì),和生理正常/殘疾——不可逆性優(yōu)/劣勢(shì)兩方面探討公平加工中主體間的不對(duì)稱性效應(yīng)及其機(jī)制。 研究一以經(jīng)濟(jì)資源——可逆性優(yōu)/劣勢(shì)為切入點(diǎn),探討了公平加工中主體間經(jīng)濟(jì)資源的不對(duì)稱性效應(yīng)及其機(jī)制。在研究中,為了避免聲譽(yù)效應(yīng)等,設(shè)置了4人匿名互動(dòng)的多輪最后通牒博弈任務(wù)(Ultimatum Game, UG),即每輪博弈由電腦隨機(jī)組合2人完成,并通過(guò)變化被試所擁有的初始資金的相對(duì)數(shù)量來(lái)操作初始資源的相對(duì)優(yōu)/勢(shì)差異。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),與控制地位相比,優(yōu)勢(shì)地位下的個(gè)體對(duì)不公平提議的拒絕率顯著降低,而劣勢(shì)地位下的個(gè)體對(duì)不公平提議的拒絕率顯著提高,即呈現(xiàn)出“優(yōu)勢(shì)者”效應(yīng)和“劣勢(shì)者”效應(yīng)。其中,產(chǎn)生“優(yōu)勢(shì)者”效應(yīng)的機(jī)制是,優(yōu)勢(shì)地位使得個(gè)體在博弈互動(dòng)中處于有利地位,這種有利地位促使優(yōu)勢(shì)者即使面對(duì)較小份額的提議方案也抱有更積極的公平性判斷,進(jìn)而增加了優(yōu)勢(shì)者對(duì)不公平提議的接受率。而“劣勢(shì)者”效應(yīng)的產(chǎn)生機(jī)制是,劣勢(shì)地位使得個(gè)體處于群體中的不利地位,這種不利地位促使劣勢(shì)者在面對(duì)他人所提出的較小份額的方案時(shí)誘發(fā)出更強(qiáng)烈的消極情緒喚醒,而正是由于這種強(qiáng)烈的消極情緒喚醒最終導(dǎo)致劣勢(shì)者更傾向于拒絕不公平的提議方案。此外,社會(huì)價(jià)值取向?qū)郊庸ぶ兄黧w間經(jīng)濟(jì)資源的不對(duì)稱性效應(yīng)具有調(diào)節(jié)作用。也就是說(shuō),“優(yōu)勢(shì)者”效應(yīng)和“劣勢(shì)者”效應(yīng)分別主要表現(xiàn)在親社會(huì)價(jià)值取向和親自我價(jià)值取向的個(gè)體上。 研究二以生理正常/殘疾——不可逆性優(yōu)/劣勢(shì)為切入點(diǎn),探討了公平加工中主體生理正常/殘疾的不對(duì)稱性效應(yīng)及其機(jī)制。在研究二中,依然設(shè)置了4人匿名互動(dòng)的多輪最后通牒博弈任務(wù),并通過(guò)招募正常被試和肢體殘疾被試來(lái)設(shè)置和區(qū)分個(gè)體所處的優(yōu)/劣勢(shì)地位,并考察這種相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的生理優(yōu)/劣勢(shì)地位是否影響個(gè)體的公平?jīng)Q策。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),與控制地位相比,生理優(yōu)勢(shì)地位下的被試對(duì)不公平提議的拒絕率顯著降低,即呈現(xiàn)出明顯的“優(yōu)勢(shì)者”效應(yīng)；同時(shí),生理劣勢(shì)地位下的個(gè)體對(duì)不公平提議的拒絕率也顯著降低,產(chǎn)生了“反劣勢(shì)者”效應(yīng)。其中,產(chǎn)生“優(yōu)勢(shì)者”效應(yīng)的機(jī)制可能部分由于優(yōu)勢(shì)地位使得個(gè)體在社會(huì)互動(dòng)中處于有利地位,這種有利地位促使優(yōu)勢(shì)者即使面對(duì)較小份額的提議方案也抱有較為積極的公平性判斷,進(jìn)而增加了優(yōu)勢(shì)者對(duì)不公平提議的接受率。而關(guān)于“反劣勢(shì)者”效應(yīng)的產(chǎn)生機(jī)制,本研究認(rèn)為它可能是由于生理劣勢(shì)地位引發(fā)了個(gè)體自我中心的視角。 綜合以上2個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果來(lái)看,本研究可以得出以下結(jié)論： (1)在UG決策中,相對(duì)于控制地位,處于優(yōu)勢(shì)地位的個(gè)體(包括經(jīng)濟(jì)資源上的優(yōu)勢(shì)和生理上的優(yōu)勢(shì)地位)對(duì)不公平提議的拒絕率顯著降低,表現(xiàn)出明顯的“優(yōu)勢(shì)者”效應(yīng)�！皟�(yōu)勢(shì)者”效應(yīng)的產(chǎn)生是由于優(yōu)勢(shì)地位促使個(gè)體對(duì)不公平提議方案抱有較為積極的公平性判斷,進(jìn)而減少了優(yōu)勢(shì)者對(duì)不公平提議的拒絕率。 (2)在UG決策中,相對(duì)于控制地位,處于經(jīng)濟(jì)資源劣勢(shì)地位的個(gè)體對(duì)不公平提議的拒絕率顯著增加,表現(xiàn)出“劣勢(shì)者”效應(yīng)�！傲觿�(shì)者”效應(yīng)的產(chǎn)生機(jī)制是,劣勢(shì)地位使得個(gè)體對(duì)不公平提議方案抱有強(qiáng)烈的消極情緒喚醒,從而導(dǎo)致劣勢(shì)者更傾向于拒絕不公平的提議方案。而處于生理劣勢(shì)地位的個(gè)體對(duì)不公平提議的拒絕率顯著減少,表現(xiàn)出“反劣勢(shì)者”效應(yīng)。這可能是由于生理劣勢(shì)地位引發(fā)了個(gè)體自我服務(wù)的偏好。 (3)社會(huì)價(jià)值取向?qū)郊庸ぶ兄黧w間經(jīng)濟(jì)資源的不對(duì)稱性效應(yīng)具有調(diào)節(jié)作用。親社會(huì)者在經(jīng)濟(jì)資源的相對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)地位中傾向于表現(xiàn)出“優(yōu)勢(shì)者”效應(yīng),而親自我者則在經(jīng)濟(jì)資源的相對(duì)劣勢(shì)地位中傾向于表現(xiàn)出“劣勢(shì)者”效應(yīng)。社會(huì)價(jià)值取向?qū)郊庸ぶ兄黧w間生理正常/殘疾的不對(duì)稱效應(yīng)的影響并不顯著,即無(wú)論親社會(huì)者,抑或親自我者均呈現(xiàn)“優(yōu)勢(shì)者”效應(yīng)和“反劣勢(shì)者”效應(yīng)。
[Abstract]:Fairness is an important concept in human social life, and the research on fair related topics has always been the focus of social decision-making. At present, in the study of fair related topics, researchers tend to simplify the complex and fair behavior in real life through game task (such as ultimatum game), so that it is related to fairness. Psychological mechanisms, neural mechanisms, and evolutionary mechanisms have been extensively explored. However, these simplified game tasks often ignore the differences between subjects themselves in fair processing, such as resources, power, and other asymmetries (relative superiority or inferiority),.Van Lange et al. (2013) believes that this asymmetry among individuals Status not only is very common in real life, but also has special significance in the study of social decision-making. Especially in fair processing, asymmetric status makes the individual have an unequal position before the fair decision. Therefore, the discussion of the asymmetric effect between the subjects will help to further clarify the human being in the complex society. Based on the above analysis, this study introduces this "asymmetry" concept into the research of fair processing, and intends to examine the effect of asymmetric status between game players on fair processing.
In an asymmetric social decision-making situation, each individual will be in a position of relative superiority or inferiority due to the difference between the ownership of an individual's initial resources or the distribution of the income. In such an excellent / inferior position, some are reversible and relatively unstable, such as temporary economic resources, which may occur with the change of time. Reversals; and some are irreversible and relatively stable, such as physical disease (physical disability, etc.), which are rarely reversed in most cases. And the relative stability of the superior / inferior position is considered to significantly affect the individual's social decision-making behavior (ManerMead, 2010). Therefore, in this study, the economic resources will be reversibility. Advantages and disadvantages, and physiological normal / disability - irreversible advantages / disadvantages are discussed in two aspects.
In the study, the asymmetric effect and mechanism of inter subjective economic resources in fair processing are discussed on the basis of economic resources - the advantage / disadvantage of reversibility. In order to avoid the reputation effect, the multi wheel ultimatum game task (Ultimatum Game, UG) of 4 people is set up, that is, each round of game is randomly composed of 2 computers. It is found that, compared with the control status, the rejection rate of the unjust proposal is significantly lower than that in the dominant position, and the rejection rate of the unjust proposal under the inferior position is significantly improved. "Superiority" effect and "inferiority" effect. Among them, the mechanism that produces the "advantage" effect is that the dominant position makes the individual advantageous in the game interaction. This advantageous position encourages the dominant person to have more positive fairness judgment even with the smaller share proposal, and then increase the unfairness of the dominant person. The mechanism of the "disadvantaged" effect is that the inferiority position makes the individual disadvantaged in the group, which causes the disadvantaged to induce a stronger passive arousal in the face of the smaller share proposed by others, which is the result of such a strong negative emotion. The disadvantaged are more inclined to reject unfair proposals. In addition, the social value orientation regulates the asymmetric effect of inter subjective economic resources in fair processing. In other words, the "dominant" effect and the "disadvantaged" effect are mainly manifested in the tropism of Pro social value and the individual of personal value orientation.
In the study two, the asymmetric effects and mechanisms of physical normal / disability in fair processing were discussed with physiological normal / disability as the breakthrough point. In the second study, the multi wheel ultimatum game task of 4 people was still set up anonymously, and it was set up by recruiting normal subjects and body disability subjects. It is found that, compared with the control status, the rejection rate of the unjust proposal is significantly lower than that of the control status, that is, the obvious "predominance" effect is presented, and the physiological disadvantage status is at the same time. The rejection rate of unjust proposed individuals is also significantly reduced, resulting in the "anti disadvantaged" effect, in which the mechanism that produces the "dominant" effect may be partly due to superiority in social interaction, which encourages the advantaged to have a smaller share of the proposed scheme. For the positive fairness judgment, the acceptance rate of the unjust proposal is increased by the dominant person, and the mechanism of the "anti disadvantaged" effect is believed to have caused the individual self centred perspective because of the status of the disadvantaged position.
Based on the above 2 experiments, the following conclusions can be drawn:
(1) in the UG decision, the rejection rate of the unjust proposal is significantly reduced compared with the dominant position (including the advantage and the physiological dominance of the economic resources), showing an obvious "advantage" effect. The "dominant" effect is due to the dominance of the individual to the unjust proposal. There is a more positive judgment of fairness, which reduces the rate of rejection of unfair proposals by the superior.
(2) in the UG decision, relative to the control status, the rejection rate of unjust proposals in the inferior position of economic resources increases significantly and shows the "disadvantaged" effect. The mechanism of the "inferiority" effect is that the inferior position makes the individual have a strong passive arousal of the unjust proposal, which leads to the worse. There is a tendency to reject unfair proposals, while individuals at a physiological disadvantage have a significant reduction in the rejection rate of unfair proposals, showing the "anti disadvantaged" effect. This may be due to a preference for individual self service as a result of a physical disadvantage.
(3) social value orientation regulates the asymmetric effect of economic resources between subjects in fair processing. Pro socialists tend to show the "dominant" effect in the relative dominant position of economic resources, while the pro self tends to show a "inferiority" effect in the relative inferior position of economic resources. The effect of value orientation on the asymmetrical effect of physical normal / disability in fair processing is not significant, that is, both prosociable or personally present the "dominant" effect and the "anti disadvantaged" effect.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：B849

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本文編號(hào)：2001276