本文選題：刻板印象 + 公務(wù)員��； 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：刻板印象(Stereotypes)一般是指對(duì)某社會(huì)群體的典型特征認(rèn)知,通常是過度簡(jiǎn)化及不公正的(Allport,1954;Lippmann,1946)�？贪逵∠筮�是偏見及歧視的基礎(chǔ),會(huì)對(duì)群際互動(dòng)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響,不利于社會(huì)和諧(Nelson,2009)。以往對(duì)刻板印象的心理學(xué)研究,主要側(cè)重于關(guān)注刻板印象的認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)、激活過程、后續(xù)影響及相關(guān)的認(rèn)知神經(jīng)機(jī)制等,而以社會(huì)文化視角對(duì)刻板印象的研究則還相對(duì)較少�？贪逵∠笸ǔ８灿谔囟ǖ纳鐣�(huì)文化背景,其中,媒體作為重要的文化傳播工具,不僅能傳播刻板印象,同時(shí)也能塑造、強(qiáng)化及改變刻板印象(Mastro,2009)。在中國(guó),公務(wù)員群體由于代表人民掌握著公共權(quán)力和社會(huì)資源,使得該群體的各種言行常成為媒體關(guān)注和報(bào)道的焦點(diǎn),塑造了公眾對(duì)該群體的形象認(rèn)知。然而,媒體對(duì)公務(wù)員群體的負(fù)面偏向報(bào)道,卻可能會(huì)加深公眾對(duì)該群體的刻板印象及偏見,繼而對(duì)官民關(guān)系及政府公信力產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響(蔡之國(guó),2012)。過往對(duì)公務(wù)員群體媒介刻板印象的研究,僅局限于對(duì)該群體媒介形象的內(nèi)容分析,而缺乏媒介影響公務(wù)員群體刻板印象的實(shí)證研究。由此,本研究從媒體對(duì)公務(wù)員群體的報(bào)道出發(fā),系統(tǒng)考察媒體報(bào)道對(duì)公務(wù)員群體刻板印象的影響。研究首先對(duì)主流網(wǎng)絡(luò)媒體對(duì)公務(wù)員群體的報(bào)道做內(nèi)容分析,以了解媒體對(duì)公務(wù)員群體的報(bào)道傾向及特征(研究一a)。然后,通過調(diào)查研究媒體報(bào)道對(duì)不同社會(huì)群體公務(wù)員外顯刻板印象造成的影響,并探究媒體報(bào)道影響內(nèi)群體(公務(wù)員群體)及外群體之間的差異(研究一b)。最后,通過實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究,探究媒體報(bào)道對(duì)外顯與內(nèi)隱公務(wù)員群體刻板印象的影響,并比較影響在兩個(gè)層面間的差異(研究二)。研究一分為兩個(gè)子研究,研究一a通過對(duì)新浪、搜狐、網(wǎng)易、鳳凰、人民網(wǎng)五大主流網(wǎng)絡(luò)媒體要聞版的1514條新聞報(bào)道做內(nèi)容分析,以了解媒體對(duì)公務(wù)員群體報(bào)道的傾向與特征。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):媒體對(duì)公務(wù)員群體的新聞報(bào)道量顯著多于其他社會(huì)群體,而且負(fù)面新聞報(bào)道量要顯著多于正面及中性報(bào)道。研究一b通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)調(diào)查了三個(gè)社會(huì)群體:公務(wù)員(207人),大學(xué)生(220人),商業(yè)(服務(wù)業(yè))人員(218人)三個(gè)群體,以了解不同傾向的媒體報(bào)道對(duì)公務(wù)員外顯刻板印象造成的影響,并比較報(bào)道對(duì)內(nèi)群體(公務(wù)員群體)及外群體間的影響差異。研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)就總體影響而言,媒體報(bào)道對(duì)各社會(huì)群體的公務(wù)員印象認(rèn)知都造成了較大影響,并且各群體對(duì)公務(wù)員總體刻板印象評(píng)價(jià)都偏負(fù)面;(2)不同傾向的公務(wù)員新聞報(bào)道的影響有所差異:總體而言,負(fù)面新聞報(bào)道對(duì)公務(wù)員刻板印象的負(fù)面影響顯著高于正面新聞報(bào)道;同時(shí),各群體對(duì)負(fù)面新聞報(bào)道的接觸量都顯著高于正面新聞報(bào)道,并且各群體對(duì)負(fù)面新聞事件在現(xiàn)實(shí)中發(fā)生的頻率判斷都顯著高于正面新聞事件;(3)媒體報(bào)道對(duì)內(nèi)群體(公務(wù)員群體)及外群體的公務(wù)員刻板印象的影響有差異:總體而言,正面報(bào)道對(duì)公務(wù)員群體的正性影響要大于其他群體,而負(fù)面報(bào)道對(duì)公務(wù)員群體的負(fù)性影響則小于其他群體;同時(shí),公務(wù)員群體對(duì)正面報(bào)道的接觸量要多于其他群體,而對(duì)負(fù)面報(bào)道的接觸量則少于其他群體;并且,公務(wù)員群體對(duì)于正面新聞事件在現(xiàn)實(shí)中發(fā)生的頻率判斷要高于其他群體,而對(duì)負(fù)面事件在現(xiàn)實(shí)中發(fā)生的頻率判斷則低于其他群體。研究二通過實(shí)驗(yàn)探究媒體報(bào)道對(duì)公務(wù)員群體內(nèi)隱與外顯刻板印象影響的差異。實(shí)驗(yàn)以60名大學(xué)生作為被試,采用與公務(wù)員群體刻板印象相符的負(fù)面新聞報(bào)道,以及反刻板印象的正面新聞報(bào)道作為啟動(dòng)材料,經(jīng)過前測(cè)與后測(cè),探究不同傾向的新聞報(bào)道能否影響公務(wù)員刻板印象,并比較其在內(nèi)隱與外顯層面的差異。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)負(fù)面新聞報(bào)道能夠啟動(dòng)對(duì)公務(wù)員的刻板印象,并在外顯及內(nèi)隱層面上均有顯著啟動(dòng)效應(yīng),而正面新聞報(bào)道,則在外顯層面上有顯著的啟動(dòng)效應(yīng),但在內(nèi)隱層面上沒有顯著效應(yīng);(2)總體而言,在外顯及內(nèi)隱層面上,負(fù)面報(bào)道的啟動(dòng)效應(yīng)要強(qiáng)于正面報(bào)道;(3)對(duì)公務(wù)員的外顯刻板印象與內(nèi)隱刻板印象間的相關(guān)并不顯著,表現(xiàn)出結(jié)構(gòu)上的分離。綜合而言,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)媒體報(bào)道對(duì)公務(wù)員群體形象認(rèn)知的影響較大,各群體對(duì)公務(wù)員的負(fù)面新聞報(bào)道接觸要多于正面報(bào)道,繼而對(duì)公務(wù)員刻板印象產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面影響;(2)媒體報(bào)道對(duì)不同群體的影響不同,公務(wù)員表現(xiàn)出對(duì)內(nèi)群體的偏好,即負(fù)面報(bào)道對(duì)公務(wù)員群體自身刻板印象的負(fù)面影響要小于外群體,而正面報(bào)道對(duì)公務(wù)員群體自身刻板印象的正面影響則要大于外群體;(3)大學(xué)生對(duì)公務(wù)員的外顯及內(nèi)隱刻板印象并不一致,并且,負(fù)面新聞報(bào)道能在外顯與內(nèi)隱層面啟動(dòng)大學(xué)生對(duì)公務(wù)員的刻板印象,而正面新聞報(bào)道則只能在外顯層面啟動(dòng)對(duì)公務(wù)員的反刻板印象,而不能在內(nèi)隱層面啟動(dòng)反刻板印象。本研究通過調(diào)查及實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究系統(tǒng)考察了媒體報(bào)道對(duì)公務(wù)員刻板印象的影響,并深入分析了新聞報(bào)道影響公務(wù)員刻板印象的可能原因及機(jī)制,這豐富了以社會(huì)文化視角對(duì)刻板印象的研究,同時(shí)也對(duì)公務(wù)員刻板印象的干預(yù)提供了重要啟示。
[Abstract]:Stereotype (Stereotypes) generally refers to the typical characteristics of a social group, usually oversimplified and unjust (Allport, 1954; Lippmann, 1946). Stereotype is the basis of prejudice and discrimination, which has a negative impact on intergroup interaction and is not conducive to social harmony (Nelson, 2009). It mainly focuses on the cognitive structure of stereotype, activation process, subsequent influence and related cognitive neural mechanism, while the study of stereotype is relatively less in the socio cultural perspective. Stereotypes are usually rooted in a specific social and cultural background. The media, as an important means of cultural communication, can not only spread stereotypes. Impressions, at the same time, can also shape, strengthen and change stereotypes (Mastro, 2009). In China, the public service group has become the focus of media attention and coverage because of the public power and social resources on behalf of the people, and the public perception of the group is created. However, the media is negative to the civil service group. Face bias reports, but may deepen the stereotype and prejudice of the public to the group, and then have a negative impact on the relationship between government and the people and government credibility (Cai Zhiguo, 2012). The study of the media stereotype of the civil service group is limited to the content analysis of the media image of the group, but the lack of media influences the stereotype of the civil service group. This study, starting from the media coverage of the civil service group, systematically examines the impact of media coverage on the stereotype of the civil service group. First, the study of the mainstream network media coverage of the civil service groups to understand the media coverage of the civil service groups and characteristics (a study of a a). Then, Through the investigation and study of the impact of media coverage on the explicit stereotypes of civil servants in different social groups, and to explore the impact of media coverage on the differences between the group (the civil service group) and the outside group (Study 1 b). Finally, through laboratory studies, the influence of media coverage on the stereotype of the implicit civil service group is explored and compared. The difference between the two levels (study two). The study is divided into two sub studies. The study of one a through the content analysis of 1514 news reports on Sina, Sohu, NetEase, the Phoenix, the people's network of the five mainstream media web media, in order to understand the tendency and characteristics of the media to the public service of the public service. The amount of news coverage is significantly more than that of other social groups, and the negative news coverage is significantly more than positive and neutral reports. A B survey of three social groups: Civil Servants (207), college students (220), business (service) personnel (218 people) three groups, to understand the different trends of media coverage for civil servants The impact of stereotypes and comparative reports on internal groups (civil service groups) and outside groups. The results are as follows: (1) in terms of the overall impact, media coverage has a greater impact on the public service impression cognition of the social groups, and the overall stereotype evaluation of the civil servants is negative; (2) different On the whole, the negative impact of negative news reports on the stereotype of civil servants is significantly higher than that of positive news reports; at the same time, the groups' exposure to negative news reports is significantly higher than that of positive news reports, and the frequency of negative news events in various groups has occurred in reality. The judgments are significantly higher than the positive news events; (3) there are differences in the impact of media coverage on the stereotype of civil servants and outside groups. In general, positive impact of positive reports on the public service group is greater than that of other groups, while negative reports have less negative impact on Civil Service groups than other groups; The amount of contact with positive reports is more than that of other groups, while the amount of contact with negative reports is less than that of other groups; and the frequency judgment of positive news events in reality is higher than that of other groups, while the frequency judgment of negative events in reality is lower than that of other groups. The study of the two links is less than that of other groups. The experiment explored the difference between the implicit and explicit stereotypes in the civil service group. The experiment took 60 college students as subjects, adopted negative news reports consistent with the stereotype of the civil service group, and the positive news report of the anti stereotype as the starting material, and explored the news of different tendencies through the pre test and post test. Whether the report can affect the stereotype of civil servants and compare their implicit and explicit differences. The results are as follows: (1) negative news reports can start the stereotype of civil servants, and have significant starting effect on both explicit and implicit levels, while positive news reports have significant starting effect on the explicit level, but the implicit layer is in the inner layer. There is no significant effect on the surface; (2) on the whole, on the explicit and implicit level, the effect of negative reporting is stronger than the positive report; (3) the correlation between explicit stereotype and implicit stereotype of civil servants is not significant, showing a structural separation. The impact of knowledge on the negative news coverage of civil servants is more than positive reports, and then it has a negative impact on the stereotype of civil servants. (2) the impact of media coverage on different groups is different, and the public servants show a preference for the internal groups, that is, the negative impact of negative newspapers on the stereotype of the civil service group is small. The positive impact of the positive report on the stereotype of the civil service group is greater than that of the external group; (3) the explicit and implicit stereotypes of the college students are not consistent with the public servants, and the negative news reports can start the stereotype of the public servants in the explicit and implicit level, while the positive news reports can only be in the outside. This study examines the impact of media coverage on the stereotype of civil servants through a survey and laboratory research system, and analyzes the possible causes and mechanisms of news reports affecting the stereotype of civil servants, which enriches the social text. From the perspective of stereotype, it also provides an important inspiration for the intervention of stereotype.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D630.3;G206;B849

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