本文選題：跨期選擇 + 過(guò)去自我　； 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：跨期選擇(intertemporal choice)是指人們對(duì)發(fā)生在不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的得失進(jìn)行權(quán)衡進(jìn)而做出各種判斷和選擇(Frederick,Loewenstein,O'donoghue,2002)。通常,與當(dāng)前或近期的獲益(或損失)相比,人們常常給予未來(lái)獲益(或損失)更小的權(quán)重(ScholtenRead,2010),這一現(xiàn)象被稱為時(shí)間折扣(time discounting)。大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn),跨期選擇與個(gè)人的健康幸福,甚至國(guó)家的富強(qiáng)都息息相關(guān),因此具有重要的研究意義。近年來(lái),“自我”建構(gòu)與跨期選擇的關(guān)系研究逐漸成為熱點(diǎn)。已有研究表明,個(gè)體的未來(lái)自我連續(xù)性越強(qiáng),在跨期選擇中表現(xiàn)得越有耐心(D.M.BartelsRips,2010),并且通過(guò)增加與“未來(lái)自我”的連續(xù)性,能夠降低個(gè)體的時(shí)間折扣率(Hal e.Hershfield,2011;Daniel,Stanton,Epstein,2013)。然而,以往的研究只采用了觀看“未來(lái)自我”的頭像、想象與“未來(lái)自我”相關(guān)的事件等方法考察“未來(lái)自我”對(duì)跨期選擇的影響,卻忽略了回憶“過(guò)去自我”的作用,更沒(méi)有研究其對(duì)跨期選擇的影響的認(rèn)知機(jī)制�！白晕摇庇蛇^(guò)去發(fā)展到現(xiàn)在,再到未來(lái),過(guò)去與未來(lái)的“自我”都對(duì)當(dāng)前行為產(chǎn)生影響。因此,深入研究回憶和想象“自我”對(duì)跨期選擇的影響及認(rèn)知機(jī)制具有重要的科學(xué)價(jià)值和實(shí)踐意義。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),回憶“過(guò)去自我”可以提高個(gè)體的自我連續(xù)性,增加自我控制能力,并有助于其當(dāng)下或未來(lái)的決策(Bluck,Alea,Habermas,Rubin,2005;BluckAlea,2009),而想象“未來(lái)自我”有助于增加未來(lái)自我連續(xù)性,增強(qiáng)自我控制能力和為未來(lái)謀劃的動(dòng)機(jī)(AtanceO'Neill,2001;Ouellette,Hessling,Gibbons,Reis-Bergan,Gerrard,2005)。因此,研究一將以探討回憶“過(guò)去自我”和想象“未來(lái)自我”對(duì)跨期選擇的影響。研究二將在研究一的基礎(chǔ)上加入價(jià)值評(píng)估任務(wù),進(jìn)一步考察回憶“過(guò)去自我”和想象“未來(lái)自我”對(duì)跨期選擇影響的認(rèn)知機(jī)制。研究一考察回憶“過(guò)去自我”和想象“未來(lái)自我”對(duì)跨期選擇是否及如何產(chǎn)生影響。首先,測(cè)量被試的未來(lái)時(shí)間洞察力;由于人們習(xí)慣用感性——理性對(duì)個(gè)體做評(píng)價(jià)(O'Brien,2015),因此,而后誘發(fā)其回憶“過(guò)去感性自我”、回憶“過(guò)去理性自我”、想象“未來(lái)感性自我”、想象“未來(lái)理性自我”,再完成跨期選擇任務(wù)。為排除“過(guò)去”和“未來(lái)”的時(shí)間線索對(duì)跨期選擇的影響,本研究設(shè)置了控制組,即回憶“過(guò)去他人”和想象“未來(lái)他人”。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)回憶過(guò)去感性和理性自我,以及想象未來(lái)感性和理性自我都能降低個(gè)體的時(shí)間折扣率,增加未來(lái)自我連續(xù)性,并且未來(lái)自我連續(xù)性的增加程度與時(shí)間折扣率的降低程度呈顯著的正相關(guān);而回憶“過(guò)去他人”和想象“未來(lái)他人”并不影響個(gè)體的未來(lái)自我連續(xù)性和時(shí)間折扣率;(2)回憶“過(guò)去自我”和想象“未來(lái)自我”后,未來(lái)時(shí)間洞察力得分與未來(lái)自我連續(xù)性的增加值、時(shí)間折扣率的降低值都呈顯著的正相關(guān);(3)中介分析表明,未來(lái)自我連續(xù)性在未來(lái)時(shí)間洞察力和時(shí)間折扣之間起到部分中介效應(yīng)。研究二主要關(guān)注回憶“過(guò)去自我”和想象“未來(lái)自我”對(duì)跨期選擇影響的認(rèn)知機(jī)制,即是影響跨期選擇的價(jià)值評(píng)估還是自我控制過(guò)程。首先,測(cè)量被試的未來(lái)時(shí)間洞察力,接著誘發(fā)其回憶“過(guò)去感性自我”、回憶“過(guò)去理性自我”、想象“未來(lái)感性自我”、想象“未來(lái)理性自我”,而后完成跨期選擇任務(wù),最后完成價(jià)值評(píng)估任務(wù)。結(jié)果表明:(1)回憶“過(guò)去自我”和想象“未來(lái)自我”都能降低個(gè)體的時(shí)間折扣率;(2)回憶“過(guò)去自我”和想象“未來(lái)自我”都能顯著提高個(gè)體對(duì)延遲獎(jiǎng)賞的價(jià)值評(píng)估,且各條件下價(jià)值評(píng)估的增加程度與時(shí)間折扣的降低程度都呈顯著正相關(guān);(3)回憶“過(guò)去自我”和想象“未來(lái)自我”都能顯著增加個(gè)體的自我控制能力,且各條件下自我控制能力的提升程度與時(shí)間折扣的降低程度呈顯著正相關(guān)�？傮w而言,研究發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)回憶“過(guò)去自我”和想象“未來(lái)自我”都能顯著降低個(gè)體的時(shí)間折扣率;(2)未來(lái)時(shí)間洞察力越高的個(gè)體,在回憶“過(guò)去自我”和想象“未來(lái)自我”后,未來(lái)自我連續(xù)性增強(qiáng)越明顯,并促使時(shí)間折扣率降低越明顯;(3)回憶“過(guò)去自我”和想象“未來(lái)自我”都是通過(guò)提高對(duì)延遲獎(jiǎng)賞的價(jià)值評(píng)估和增加自我控制能力來(lái)降低時(shí)間折扣率。本研究將“自我”從過(guò)去到未來(lái)的發(fā)展特點(diǎn)與跨期選擇相結(jié)合,探討了回憶“過(guò)去自我”和想象“未來(lái)自我”對(duì)跨期選擇的影響及其認(rèn)知機(jī)制,揭示了“自我”發(fā)展的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力對(duì)跨期選擇的影響,拓寬了跨期選擇領(lǐng)域的研究范圍,為跨期選擇的理論研究和行為訓(xùn)練提供了科學(xué)依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:Cross term selection (intertemporal choice) means that people weigh and choose the gains and losses at different points of time and make various judgments and choices (Frederick, Loewenstein, O'donoghue, 2002). Generally, people often give future benefit (or loss) a smaller weight (ScholtenRead, 2010), compared with current or recent benefits (or losses). One phenomenon is called time discounting. A large number of studies have found that cross term selection is closely related to the health and happiness of individuals and even the rich and strong of the country. Therefore, it has important research significance. In recent years, the study of the relationship between "self" construction and the cross term selection has gradually become a hot spot. The stronger the sex, the more patient (D.M.BartelsRips, 2010) in the cross term choice, and by increasing the continuity of "future self", it can reduce the individual's time discount rate (Hal e.Hershfield, 2011; Daniel, Stanton, Epstein, 2013). However, the previous study only adopted the image of "future self", imagination and "the future". Self "related events and other methods examine the influence of" future self "on intertemporal choice, but ignore the role of recalling" past self ", and not study the cognitive mechanism of its impact on intertemporal choice." self "has been developed from the past to the present, and then to the future, and the past and future" self "have an impact on the current behavior. Therefore, it is of great scientific and practical significance to study the impact of "self" on the cross term selection and the cognitive mechanism. It is found that recalling "past self" can improve the self continuity of the individual, increase the ability of self-control, and help to make the decision of the present or future (Bluck, Alea, Habermas, Rubin, 200). 5; BluckAlea, 2009), and imagining "future self" helps to increase future self continuity, enhance self control and motivate future planning (AtanceO'Neill, 2001; Ouellette, Hessling, Gibbons, Reis-Bergan, Gerrard, 2005). Therefore, the study will explore the recall of "past self" and the imagination of "future self" to cross term selection. The study two will add value assessment task on the basis of research one to further examine the cognitive mechanism that recollections the impact of "past self" and imagination "future self" on intertemporal selection. The future time insight of the subjects; because people used to use perceptual - rational to evaluate the individual (O'Brien, 2015), they then evoked memories of "past perceptual self", recalling "past rational self", imagining "future perceptual self", imagining "future rational self" and completing interphase choice tasks. And the effect of "future" time clues on intertemporal selection, this study sets up the control group, namely, recalling "past others" and imagining "future others". The results are as follows: (1) recalling the past perceptual and rational self, and imagining the future perceptual and rational self can reduce the time discount rate of the body, and increase the future self continuity, and There is a significant positive correlation between the degree of future self continuity and the reduction in the rate of time discount, while recalling "past others" and imagining "future others" do not affect the individual's future self continuity and time discount rate; (2) after recalling "past self" and imagination "future self", the future time insight score and failure From the added value of continuity, the reduced value of time discount has a significant positive correlation. (3) the intermediary analysis shows that future self continuity plays a part of mediating effect between future time insight and time discount. Study two mainly focuses on the cognition of the influence of "past self" and imagination "future self" on intertemporal choice. Mechanism, that is, the value assessment of intertemporal selection or the process of self control. First, measure the future time insight of the subjects, then induce it to recall "past perceptual self", recall "past rational self", imagine "future perceptual self", imagine "future rational self", and then complete the task of cross term selection and finish the final completion. The results show that: (1) recalling "past self" and imagining "future self" can reduce the individual's time discount rate; (2) recalling "past self" and "future self" can significantly improve the individual value assessment of delayed reward, and the increase of value assessment and the decrease of time discount under each piece. (3) the memory of "past self" and "future self" can significantly increase the self-control ability of the individual, and the degree of self control ability is significantly positively correlated with the reduction of time discount under various conditions. In general, the study found that (1) recall "past self" and imagination "future self" I "can significantly reduce the rate of time discount for individuals; (2) the more individuals with higher insight in the future, the more obvious the future self continuity increases after the recall of" past self "and the imagination of" future self ", and the more obvious the reduction in the time discount rate; (3) recalling" past self "and imagining" future self "are all through the improvement of the This study combines the characteristics of "ego" from the past to the future to the future, and explores the influence and cognitive mechanism of recalling "past self" and imagination "future self" to cross term selection, and reveals the internal development of "self". The influence of motivation on intertemporal selection broadens the research scope of intertemporal selection, and provides a scientific basis for theoretical research and behavioral training of intertemporal choice.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：B842

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