本文選題：兒童青少年　切入點(diǎn)：自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)　出處：《山東師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：關(guān)于自發(fā)特質(zhì)推理的研究表明,個(gè)體直接觀察到行為者的行為時(shí),會(huì)自發(fā)地將由行為激活的特質(zhì)與行為者建立聯(lián)結(jié),認(rèn)為行為者具有該特質(zhì),這一現(xiàn)象被稱為自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)(spontaneous trait association,STA);當(dāng)個(gè)體從第三者那里知道行為者的行為時(shí),也會(huì)自發(fā)地將由行為激活的特質(zhì)與陳述行為的第三者(談話者)建立聯(lián)結(jié),這一現(xiàn)象被稱為自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移(spontaneous trait transferences,STT)。作為印象形成的重要方式,自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)和自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移是兒童適應(yīng)社會(huì)的重要能力之一,研究?jī)和嗌倌曜园l(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)和自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移具有十分重要的意義。自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移引起了研究者對(duì)二者內(nèi)在加工過(guò)程的比較研究。關(guān)于二者加工過(guò)程一直存在兩種觀點(diǎn),其一,二者同為簡(jiǎn)單聯(lián)結(jié)過(guò)程;其二,自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)是歸因過(guò)程,自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移是簡(jiǎn)單聯(lián)結(jié)過(guò)程。關(guān)于二者的內(nèi)在加工過(guò)程本質(zhì),至今仍無(wú)定論,需要更多的研究探討。已有對(duì)自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)和自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移的比較研究大都以成人為被試,只有少數(shù)以兒童青少年為被試進(jìn)行的發(fā)展研究。為了進(jìn)一步探討二者內(nèi)部加工過(guò)程的本質(zhì),有必要從發(fā)展的角度,采用發(fā)展研究的方法檢驗(yàn)已有的以成人為被試的研究。因此,本研究以9-14歲兒童青少年為被試,同時(shí)考察自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)和自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移現(xiàn)象。社會(huì)認(rèn)知過(guò)程是認(rèn)知者和認(rèn)知對(duì)象交互作用的結(jié)果,所以有必要從認(rèn)知者和認(rèn)知對(duì)像兩個(gè)角度,考察自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)和自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移。已有研究曾從認(rèn)知對(duì)像的角度,同時(shí)考察了由行為者的社會(huì)標(biāo)簽(如性別)激活的社會(huì)刻板印象,對(duì)兒童青少年自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)和自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移的影響。但是這項(xiàng)研究并未系統(tǒng)地考察不同年齡個(gè)體的自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)和自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移過(guò)程受性別刻板印象的影響的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。關(guān)于性別刻板印象的研究指出,個(gè)體在2歲左右就表現(xiàn)出性別刻板印象。但年齡較小的兒童對(duì)性別的認(rèn)識(shí)較為僵化,童年中期他們對(duì)性別的認(rèn)識(shí)又開(kāi)始變得較為靈活,而到了青春期,由于性意識(shí)的覺(jué)醒其又再次僵化(Blakemore;2003;Ruble,Martin Berenbaum,2006)。然而對(duì)于兒童青少年來(lái)說(shuō),性別刻板印象對(duì)不同年齡個(gè)體自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)和自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移的影響,是否因靈活性的不同而存在差異是該領(lǐng)域一直未探討的重要問(wèn)題。因此本研究以9-14歲兒童青少年為被試,系統(tǒng)考察二者性別刻板效應(yīng)的年齡特點(diǎn),填補(bǔ)這方面的理論空白。另外,從發(fā)展的角度,系統(tǒng)地比較性別刻板印象對(duì)二者的影響的年齡差異,可以為比較二者的加工過(guò)程提供認(rèn)知對(duì)象角度方面的證據(jù)。已有關(guān)于自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)和自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)展性研究中,并未從認(rèn)知者的角度,對(duì)自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)和自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移進(jìn)行比較研究。性別圖式理論認(rèn)為,個(gè)體根據(jù)性別維度加工信息的程度是不同的,與非圖式化個(gè)體相比,圖式化個(gè)體更傾向于根據(jù)性別維度加工信息,對(duì)性別信息也更敏感。有研究曾發(fā)現(xiàn),性別刻板印象對(duì)不同性別圖式類型個(gè)體的社會(huì)認(rèn)知過(guò)程的影響是存在差異的。鑒于此,本研究在研究1的基礎(chǔ)上,考察自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)和自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移中的性別刻板效應(yīng),在不同性別圖式個(gè)體之間是否存在差異,同時(shí)從知覺(jué)者的角度為二者內(nèi)在過(guò)程的本質(zhì)提供新的依據(jù)。綜上所述,本研究擬采用錯(cuò)誤再認(rèn)范式系統(tǒng)考察9歲、10歲、11歲、12歲、13歲、14歲兒童青少年自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)和自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移中的性別刻板效應(yīng),以及性別圖式在自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)和自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移中的性別刻板效應(yīng)中所起的調(diào)節(jié)作用。對(duì)上述問(wèn)題的研究有助于我們較為全面、深入地了解兒童青少年自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)和自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)展情況,同時(shí)為揭示二者內(nèi)在過(guò)程本質(zhì)提供新的證據(jù)。本研究有以下主要結(jié)論:1 9-14歲兒童青少年均可以進(jìn)行自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié),自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)的程度在9-11歲期間逐漸增強(qiáng),11歲達(dá)到最高水平,之后緩慢下降;在9-14歲兒童青少年均可以進(jìn)行自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移,但自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移的強(qiáng)度不隨年齡的變化而變化。2 9-14歲兒童青少年的自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)存在性別刻板效應(yīng),且存在顯著的年齡差異。具體表現(xiàn)為,與行為者行為符合其性別激活的刻板信息時(shí),9歲組兒童的自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)受到了促進(jìn),反之,9歲組兒童的自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)未受到阻礙;10歲兒童的自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)中不存在性別刻板效應(yīng);11歲、12歲、13歲、14歲組4個(gè)年齡組的兒童青少年自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)中的性別刻板效應(yīng)均表現(xiàn)為,行為者行為不符合其性別激活的刻板信息時(shí),個(gè)體的自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)受到了阻礙,反之,個(gè)體的自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)未受到促進(jìn)。3 9-14歲兒童青少年的自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移中存在性別刻板效應(yīng),但不存在顯著的年齡差異。具體表現(xiàn)為,行為者行為與談話者性別激活的刻板信息一致時(shí),9-14歲兒童青少年自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移受到促進(jìn),反之,個(gè)體的自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移受到阻礙。4自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)中的性別刻板效應(yīng)存在知覺(jué)者的個(gè)體差異,具體表現(xiàn)為性別圖式在自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)中性別刻板效應(yīng)中起調(diào)節(jié)作用,只有性別圖式化個(gè)體的自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)受到性別刻板一致性的影響,性別非圖式化個(gè)體的自發(fā)特質(zhì)聯(lián)結(jié)不受性別刻板印象的影響;自發(fā)特質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移中的性別刻板效應(yīng)不存在知覺(jué)者的個(gè)體差異。
[Abstract]:Study on spontaneous trait inference that the individual directly observed the behavior of actors, will spontaneously activated by the behavior characteristics and establish links with actors, actors think the trait, this phenomenon is known as spontaneous trait association (spontaneous trait, association, STA); when the individual from the third to know where the actors when will the trait spontaneously activated by behavior and statement behavior third (talk) to establish connection, this phenomenon is known as spontaneous trait transfer (spontaneous trait transferences, STT). As an important way of impression formation, spontaneous trait association and spontaneous trait transfer is one of the most important social adaptation ability in children study on children and adolescents, spontaneous trait association and has very important significance. Spontaneous trait transfer caused by the transfer of spontaneous trait of the two internal process A comparative study on the two process. There are two views, one, two with simple coupling process; second, spontaneous trait association is the attribution process, spontaneous trait transfer is simple coupling process. The internal processing process about the nature of the two, there is no final conclusion, the need to explore more of existing research. Spontaneous trait association and a comparative study on the characteristics of metastasis in most adult subjects is spontaneous, only a few of the subjects to the development of children and adolescents. In order to further explore the nature of the two internal processes, it is necessary from the angle of development, the development of the existing test methods with adults as subjects. Therefore, in this study, 9-14 children and adolescents were also investigated spontaneous trait association and spontaneous trait transfer phenomenon. Social cognition is a cognitive and cognitive object is the result of the interaction between the It is necessary to cognitive and cognitive like from two angles, on spontaneous trait association and spontaneous trait transfer. The existing research has to like from the cognitive angle, was also investigated by social actors label (such as sex) activation of social stereotypes on children and adolescents' spontaneous trait association and the effects of spontaneous trait transfer. But the study did not systematically study linking spontaneous trait of individuals of different ages and the development trend of the effect of spontaneous trait transfer process by gender stereotypes. Studies on gender stereotypes that showed gender stereotypes in individuals around the age of 2. But the younger children's understanding of gender is relatively rigid, middle childhood their understanding of gender began to become more flexible, and reached puberty, due to the consciousness of the rigid again (Blakemore; 2003; Ruble, Martin Berenbaum, 200 6). However, for young children, gender stereotypes of individuals of different ages and characteristics of spontaneous trait association effects of spontaneous metastasis, whether because of the flexibility of the differences is an important issue in the field has not been discussed. So in this study the adolescent children aged 9-14 years were tested, the age characteristics of exploring the two gender system the effect of stereotype, fill the blank of the theory. In addition, from the angle of development, age difference and systematic comparison of gender stereotypes on the two, to provide the evidence of cognitive perspective of object processing can be compared with the two. The spontaneous trait association of research and development of spontaneous trait transfer. Not from the cognitive point of view, the spontaneous trait association and spontaneous trait transfer were studied. That the gender schema theory, individual according to the gender dimension is the degree of information processing Different, compared with the non individual individual schema, schema is more inclined to the gender dimension according to the information processing, but also more sensitive to gender information. Research has found that the influence of gender stereotype on different gender schema types of individual social cognitive process is different. In view of this, this study based on 1 Study on spontaneous trait association and spontaneous trait transference in gender stereotypes effect, whether there are differences between different gender schema individuals, from the angle of perception and provide a new basis for the intrinsic nature of the two process. To sum up, this study intends to use the wrong recognition paradigm investigated 9 years old, 10 years old 11 years old, 12 years old, 13 years old, and 14 year old children and adolescents spontaneous trait association and spontaneous trait transference in gender stereotypes effect, and gender schema in spontaneous trait association and spontaneous trait transfer in gender effect in the moment board The moderator. The study of these issues will help us a more comprehensive, in-depth understanding of children and adolescents spontaneous trait association and spontaneous trait development transfer, and provide new evidence for understanding the nature of the two internal process. This study has the following main conclusions: 19-14 year old children and adolescents can be spontaneous trait association. Spontaneous trait association degree increased gradually in 9-11 years, 11 years to reach the highest level, then decreased slowly; in the 9-14 year old children and adolescents can be spontaneous trait transfer, but the transfer of spontaneous trait strength does not change with age and connection of spontaneous trait changes.2 9-14 year old children and adolescents are gender stereotypes effect, and age significant differences in the specific performance, consistent with its gender stereotype activation information and actor behavior, linking spontaneous trait of 9 years old children have been promoted, On the other hand, coupling spontaneous trait of 9 years old children is not hindered; the gender stereotypes effect does not exist linking spontaneous trait of children aged 10 11 years old, 12 years old; 13 years old, 14 years old group, 4 age groups of children and adolescents' spontaneous trait association in the gender stereotypes effect for the performance of both actors, does not conform to the gender stereotype activation information, linking the individual spontaneous trait is hindered, on the other hand, the individual is not spontaneous trait association to promote gender stereotypes effect transfer spontaneous trait.3 9-14 years old children, but there is no significant age difference. For specific performance, actors behavior and gender stereotype activation information conversation consistent, 9-14 year old children and adolescents spontaneous trait transfer is promoted, on the other hand, individual differences in spontaneous trait individual transfer hindered the gender stereotypes effect.4 spontaneous trait association exists in the perception of the most The performance for gender schema play a regulatory role in the spontaneous trait association of gender stereotypes effect, only individual schema gender spontaneous trait association influenced by gender stereotype consistent, effects of coupling sex individual non spontaneous trait schema is not affected by gender stereotypes; there is no individual difference in perception of the gender stereotypes effect spontaneous trait in the transfer.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：B844

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