本文選題：Simon沖突　切入點：Flanker沖突　出處：《陜西師范大學》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：當面臨沖突情境時,個體可以通過靈活地調(diào)節(jié)其執(zhí)行控制功能來解決沖突。大量研究表明,信息加工的認知控制程度會基于任務(wù)監(jiān)控機制的信息而不斷做出調(diào)整。認知控制在行為上的表現(xiàn)集中在沖突適應(yīng)效應(yīng)上,該效應(yīng)是指不一致試次之后的不一致試次的反應(yīng)時要快于一致試次之后的不一致試次的反應(yīng)時,即經(jīng)歷過沖突之后,有助于下次沖突的解決,表現(xiàn)出對沖突的“適應(yīng)”或“學習”。這一沖突調(diào)節(jié)過程涉及到前額葉腦區(qū),包括沖突監(jiān)測和沖突控制兩個過程。 以往的研究表明認知老化會引起大腦的某些結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上的變化,在干擾任務(wù)中表現(xiàn)為老化導致的抑制能力缺陷會降低老年人在競爭性刺激信息間沖突的解決能力,表現(xiàn)出比青年人要差的任務(wù)成績。而沖突適應(yīng)效應(yīng)不僅能反映個體監(jiān)測沖突的能力還能反映個體依據(jù)沖突情境進行自上而下的認知控制的調(diào)節(jié)能力。本研究的目的是要考察老年人是否具有沖突適應(yīng)能力、認知老化對沖突適應(yīng)效應(yīng)的影響、以及比較不同難度任務(wù)條件下沖突適應(yīng)能力隨著認知老化所表現(xiàn)出的發(fā)展變化。 本研究擬從個體的行為水平入手,共采用兩個嚴格控制的行為實驗,對上述問題進行深入探討。實驗一選取了有效本科生被試28名、老年人被試30名,采用單一沖突的經(jīng)典Flanker任務(wù),考察了老年人和青年人的干擾效應(yīng)和沖突適應(yīng)效應(yīng)。實驗二選取了有效的本科生被試27名,老年人被試25名,采用Simon沖突和Flanker沖突相整合的任務(wù)范式,探討在任務(wù)難度加大、沖突強度增加的情況下,老年人的沖突適應(yīng)能力是否發(fā)生變化,與青年組表現(xiàn)不同。 結(jié)果顯示,不論是單一沖突任務(wù)還是多重沖突任務(wù)下,老年組的反應(yīng)時顯著大于青年組,且老年組的干擾效應(yīng)都顯著大于青年組的干擾效應(yīng)。此外,實驗一中,老年人的沖突適應(yīng)效應(yīng)顯著,表現(xiàn)出與青年組同等程度的沖突適應(yīng)能力。而在實驗二中,青年組的沖突適應(yīng)效應(yīng)仍然顯著,而老年組的沖突適應(yīng)效應(yīng)不顯著,此時的沖突適應(yīng)能力表現(xiàn)出年齡差異。 按照以上的實驗結(jié)果可以得出下面幾點結(jié)論： 第一,個體在沖突任務(wù)中的反應(yīng)快慢和干擾效應(yīng)受認知老化的影響：兩種任務(wù)下,老年人的反應(yīng)時和干擾效應(yīng)量均顯著大于青年組,說明老年人更易受到無關(guān)信息的干擾或與任務(wù)無關(guān)的反應(yīng)選擇的影響,其自上而下的抑制能力相比青年人有所減弱。第二,前次試次的沖突一致性會影響當前試次的反應(yīng)快慢：兩個實驗中都發(fā)現(xiàn)沖突適應(yīng)效應(yīng)的存在,表明先前的沖突經(jīng)驗確實會使個體更好地解決隨后試次中沖突的解決,個體可以依據(jù)當前的沖突水平調(diào)節(jié)隨后的認知控制策略。第三,老化對沖突后認知控制的調(diào)節(jié)能力產(chǎn)生影響：單一沖突的Flanker任務(wù)下,老年組和青年組的沖突適應(yīng)效應(yīng)均顯著；而Simon和Flanker雙重沖突任務(wù)下,青年組的沖突適應(yīng)效應(yīng)仍達到顯著水平,但老年組的沖突適應(yīng)效應(yīng)不顯著,表明難度不同的沖突任務(wù)下,老年人與青年人的沖突適應(yīng)效應(yīng)具有不同的表現(xiàn)。這可能說明在難度較低的任務(wù)中,老年人通過代償作用能獲得與青年人相同程度的認知資源,克服認知老化引起的抑制缺陷的影響,從而能依據(jù)先前試次的沖突經(jīng)驗而對當前試次的沖突控制進行策略性的調(diào)整。當沖突增強時,任務(wù)難度增加,此時對沖突調(diào)控所需的認知資源已經(jīng)超出老化大腦最大的代償潛能,使得老年人不能像青年人那樣進行同等程度的試次間認知控制。
[Abstract]:When faced with conflict situations, individuals can flexibly adjust the executive control function to resolve the conflict. A large number of studies show that the degree of information processing, cognitive control task monitoring mechanism based on information is adjusted continuously. Cognitive control in behavior focused on the conflict adaptation effect, the effect is faster than the same trial after trial of the inconsistent response to inconsistent trial after trial inconsistent response, after experienced the conflict, it is helpful to solve the next conflict, showing the conflict of "adaptation" or "learning". This conflict regulation process involves prefrontal brain regions. Including conflict detection and conflict control two process.
Previous studies showed that some changes in the structure and function of cognitive aging will cause the brain's performance in the task of aging ability to inhibit interference caused by the defect of the elderly will reduce the ability to compete in the stimulation of the conflict between information, performance than young people to poor task performance. But the conflict adaptation effect can not only reflect the the individual monitoring conflict but also the ability to reflect the individual on the basis of the conflict situation of top-down cognitive control ability. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the elderly has the ability to adapt to the conflict, cognitive conflict adaptation to aging effects, and compare different difficult task under the conditions of conflict adaptation with the change and development of cognitive aging show.
This study intends to start from the individual level, using a total of two strictly control the behavior experiment, in-depth discussion on these issues. The first experiment is effective for undergraduates of 28 subjects, aged 30 subjects, using a single conflict of the classic Flanker task, investigated the interference effect and conflict between the elderly and young people the adaptation effect. Experiment two selects effective undergraduates of 27 subjects, aged 25 subjects, using Simon and Flanker conflict integration task paradigm, to increase in the difficulty of the task, the intensity of the conflict increased, conflicts of older people's ability to adapt is changed, different with the young group.
The results showed that either single or multiple conflict task conflict task, elderly group response time was significantly higher than that in young group, and the interference effect of interference effect of the elderly group were significantly higher than the young group. In addition, in experiment, the elderly conflict adaptation effect significantly, conflicts with the young group the same degree of adaptability in the second experiment, the youth group conflict adaptation effect is still significant, and the elderly group conflict adaptation effect is not significant, the conflict adaptation ability showed differences in age.
According to the experimental results above, we can draw the following conclusions:
First, the reaction speed and the interference effect of the individual in conflict tasks affected by cognitive aging: two kinds of tasks, the elderly and the reaction time and amount of interference effects were significantly higher than the young group, shows the influence of elderly people are more susceptible to interference from irrelevant information or task irrelevant responses, the top-down inhibition ability compared to young people weakened. Second, the previous time consistency test conflicts will affect the current test time: the reaction speed of two experiments are found in the conflict adaptation effect, suggesting that the conflict will make the individual previous experience does better solve the conflict in time then try to solve the conflict, according to the current level of individual adjustment then the cognitive control strategy. Third, the aging effect on post conflict cognitive control ability: single Flanker task conflict, conflict between elderly group and youth group to effect Should be significantly; while the Simon and Flanker dual task conflict, conflict adaptation effect still young group reached significant level, but the conflict of elderly group adaptation effect is not significant, showed that the difficulty of different conflict task conflict, the elderly and young people to adapt to the effect with different performance. This may indicate a lower degree of difficulty in in the task, the elderly can obtain the same degree of cognitive resources and young people through the compensatory effect, to overcome the effects of cognitive aging inhibition caused by defects, and according to the previous experience and try conflict on the current trial conflict strategies of adjusting control. When the conflict increased, increasing the difficulty of the task, the cognitive the resources required for conflict management has gone beyond the aging brain the biggest potential compensation, making the elderly can not proceed like young people the same degree of trial between cognitive control.

【學位授予單位】：陜西師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：B842

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