本文選題：防御性悲觀　切入點(diǎn)：消極預(yù)期　出處：《北京林業(yè)大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：雖然防御性悲觀策略被冠以悲觀之名,但它與悲觀人格特質(zhì)分屬兩類(lèi)概念。防御性悲觀是一種認(rèn)知策略,而樂(lè)觀-悲觀傾向是一種人格特質(zhì)。防御性悲觀策略指的是,在應(yīng)激情境下個(gè)體設(shè)置不現(xiàn)實(shí)的消極預(yù)期,并且反思各種細(xì)節(jié)和可能發(fā)生的情況。 應(yīng)激情境下的防御性悲觀被認(rèn)為是一種有效的認(rèn)知策略,可以幫助個(gè)體更積極地應(yīng)對(duì)應(yīng)激源。本研究一方面旨在探索防御性悲觀策略的兩因素——消極預(yù)期與反思性幫助策略使用者積極應(yīng)對(duì)應(yīng)激的內(nèi)在機(jī)制；另一方面希望通過(guò)考察不同類(lèi)型的反思性對(duì)策略使用者任務(wù)表現(xiàn)的影響,探索防御性悲觀策略的反思性的特點(diǎn)。 研究一采用問(wèn)卷調(diào)查法,被試為一所高中的高一學(xué)生。我們收集了386名被試的防御性悲觀、應(yīng)對(duì)方式、樂(lè)觀-悲觀傾向三方面的數(shù)據(jù),研究并探討了樂(lè)觀-悲觀傾向、消極預(yù)期、反思性和應(yīng)對(duì)方式之間的關(guān)系。 研究發(fā)現(xiàn),樂(lè)觀傾向正向預(yù)測(cè)問(wèn)題應(yīng)對(duì),悲觀傾向負(fù)向預(yù)測(cè)問(wèn)題應(yīng)對(duì)、正向預(yù)測(cè)情緒應(yīng)對(duì)。防御性悲觀策略的兩因素在個(gè)體的樂(lè)觀-悲觀傾向和應(yīng)對(duì)方式之間起調(diào)節(jié)、中介作用。具體而言,消極預(yù)期在樂(lè)觀傾向和問(wèn)題應(yīng)對(duì)之間起部分中介作用,在悲觀傾向和問(wèn)題應(yīng)對(duì)之間起完全中介作用,兩種中介作用中,消極預(yù)期均負(fù)向預(yù)測(cè)問(wèn)題應(yīng)對(duì)。但反思性可以負(fù)向調(diào)節(jié)消極預(yù)期的這兩種中介作用。高水平消極傾向與高反思性的組合是防御性悲觀策略發(fā)揮積極作用的關(guān)鍵。 研究二采用實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的方法,抽選典型的防御性悲觀策略使用者與典型的策略性樂(lè)觀策略使用者作為被試。將每組被試隨機(jī)分配到四個(gè)條件中,分別操縱他們對(duì)即將開(kāi)始的任務(wù)進(jìn)行消極反思、積極反思、全面反思、無(wú)反思(分心操縱),最后測(cè)查不同類(lèi)型的反思性對(duì)兩種策略使用者任務(wù)表現(xiàn)的影響。 研究發(fā)現(xiàn),反思類(lèi)型對(duì)不同性別的兩種認(rèn)知策略使用者的任務(wù)表現(xiàn)具有不同的影響。無(wú)反思不利于男性防御性悲觀策略使用者有效實(shí)施其認(rèn)知策略,積極反思不利于女性防御性悲觀策略使用者有效實(shí)施其認(rèn)知策略；無(wú)反思利于男性策略性樂(lè)觀使用者有效實(shí)施其認(rèn)知策略,積極反思利于女性策略性樂(lè)觀使用者有效實(shí)施其認(rèn)知策略。
[Abstract]:Although the defensive pessimism strategy known as pessimistic, but with pessimistic personality traits belong in two classes. The concept of defensive pessimism is a kind of cognitive strategies, while optimism and pessimism is a personality trait. Defensive pessimism strategy refers to, in the stress situation of individual setting unrealistic negative expectations, and reflect various details and what might have happened.
Stress situation of defensive pessimism is considered to be an effective cognitive strategy, can help individuals should be more active to stressors. The internal mechanism on the one hand, in order to explore the defensive pessimism strategies of two factors - a negative expectation and reflective strategies to help users to actively respond to stress; on the other hand, hope that through the influence of reflective the effects of different types of strategies of user task performance, explore the defensive pessimism strategies of reflective characteristics.
A study using the method of questionnaire survey, high school students participated in a high school. We collected 386 subjects of defensive pessimism, coping style, optimism and pessimism in three aspects of data, research and discuss the optimism and pessimism, negative expectations, the relationship between reflection and coping style between.
The study found that with optimism and positive predictive, pessimistic tendency to negative coping prediction problem, positive emotional coping. Defensive pessimism strategies of two factors in the individual's optimism and pessimism and coping style between regulation, intermediary role. Specifically, negative expectations play a mediating role between optimism and coping with problems, play a full mediator between pessimism and deal with the problem, two kinds of intermediary role, negative expectations were negative to forecasting problems. But the reflection can be negative mediating effect of these two kinds of negative expectations. A combination of high level and high negative reflection is the key of defensive pessimism strategies play a positive role.
Study two used experimental research methods, user selected typical defensive pessimism strategies and typical strategies of optimistic strategy users as subjects. The subjects were randomly assigned to each of the four conditions, they were manipulating negative reflection on the upcoming tasks, positive reflection, comprehensive reflection, no reflection (distraction manipulation) finally, measuring the effects of reflective check different types of two kinds of strategies of user task performance.
The study found that has different effects on different types of reflection sex two kinds of cognitive strategies of user task performance. No reflection is not conducive to the male users of its effective implementation of defensive pessimism strategies cognitive strategies, positive reflection is not conducive to female users effective implementation of defensive pessimism strategies cognitive strategies; no reflection to male optimism users of the effective implementation of its strategy cognitive strategies, strategies of positive reflection against female users optimistic the effective implementation of its cognitive strategies.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京林業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：B842

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