本文關鍵詞： 吸煙 沖動性 渴求感 延遲折扣 反應抑制 注意力　出處：《西南大學》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：吸煙是當今世界造成預防疾病和死亡的第一大原因,已成為對人類健康最大的威脅。世界衛(wèi)生組織研究表明,世界每年因吸煙而死亡的人數(shù)高達500萬。除生理層面以外,吸煙在很大程度上會引起臨床或亞臨床水平的尼古丁依賴,即吸煙成癮。除了香煙本身所含的成癮成分,香煙依賴和成癮背后也隱含了復雜的社會和心理因素,因此,了解引起吸煙成癮的心理因素與行為機制,有助于控制吸煙成癮者的數(shù)量,提高吸煙引起疾病的預防和治療。 吸煙者在選擇時偏好眼前利益,其自我調(diào)節(jié)能力較差,行為表現(xiàn)出沖動性。目前為止,沖動行為的實驗范式大致分為兩大類：第一類范式是獎勵方面的延遲,第二類范式與行為抑制有關,是指個體適度地抑制想法和行為的能力。兩種沖動性范式在吸煙行為中都扮演至關重要的角色。一方面,在延遲行為范式中,吸煙者在延遲獎勵方面的表現(xiàn)與控制人群有顯著不同,吸煙個體比不吸煙和戒煙個體在延遲折扣上表現(xiàn)出更大的沖動性；另一方面,在行為抑制范式中,行為抑制能力越差,個體越難控制其對香煙的吸食,也就意味著越容易發(fā)展成成癮行為,因此抑制能力被視為抵抗成癮的重要因素。此外,大量研究探討了吸煙個體對香煙信號的注意偏向和渴求感,證實了香煙相關信號(如吸煙圖片)可激活和提高吸煙者對香煙的渴求感,但沒有將其與個體行為上表現(xiàn)出的普遍沖動性相聯(lián)系。 為進一步探討吸煙個體沖行動背后的心理機制,實驗一通過外顯和內(nèi)隱兩種方式激發(fā)個體對香煙的渴求感,探究吸煙者與不吸煙控制組香煙渴求感水平及其對延遲折扣率是否存在影響。由于成癮物質(zhì)信號對個體注意力的集中與抑制控制存在相互的關系,即減少的抑制控制在直接暴露于成癮物質(zhì)相關的刺激中時可能有所提高。因此實驗二直接將吸煙相關場景圖片作為Go-Nogo實驗材料,并考慮刺激圖片本身的情緒效價(正性或負性),試圖探究吸煙者和控制組在反應抑制上的差異,以及對吸煙信號刺激的注意能否對抑制控制能力產(chǎn)生影響。綜合實驗一和實驗二的結果,得出以下結論： (1)吸煙者的吸煙渴求感可通過視覺香煙刺激的激活而提高,并且不受激活方式的影響。 (2)吸煙組與控制組延遲折扣的基線水平無差異,但通過激活,吸煙組延遲折扣率顯著高于控制組,并且可由香煙渴求感來預測延遲折扣水平,表明吸煙者行為的沖動性通過香煙渴求感的激活而提高。 (3)在以吸煙場景圖片為反應材料的Go-Nogo實驗中,吸煙組與控制組在go反應(按鍵)反應時和正確率上無顯著差異,而在nogo反應(按鍵抑制)上,吸煙組正確率顯著高于控制組正確率,表明當實驗材料為成癮強化刺激物時,吸煙者的抑制控制能力不僅不會弱于控制組,反而比控制組表現(xiàn)更好。表明對于吸煙者對吸煙信號這一特殊刺激的抑制沖動性不同于普遍的行為抑制沖動性,證實了藥物依賴者對成癮物質(zhì)信號的注意力會影響其抑制控制能力,原本減少的抑制控制能力在直接暴露于成癮信號中時會有所提高和改善。 (4)個體在正性圖片上的按鍵反應時和正確率均高于中性和負性圖片,并且在抑制反應上,對正性圖片的抑制正確率也高于中性圖片,由此證明了個體對正性誘惑刺激的注意和反應傾向性。
[Abstract]:Smoking is one of the world's largest cause prevention cause of illness and death, has become the biggest threat to human health. Research shows that the number of WHO, the world die each year because of smoking up to 5 million. In addition to the physiological level, smoking can cause nicotine clinical or subclinical level dependent to a great extent, is addicted to smoking in addition to addiction component of cigarette contained behind, cigarette dependence and addiction also implies the social and psychological factors, complicated therefore, psychological factors of smoking addiction and behavior caused by the number of understanding, help to control smoking addicts, improve the prevention and treatment of diseases caused by smoking.
Smokers preference immediate interests in the selection, the self adjustment ability is poor, impulsive behavior. So far, the experimental paradigm of impulsive behavior can be divided into two categories: the first category is the delayed reward paradigm, second kinds of paradigm and behavioral inhibition, refers to a modest effect on body ability of thought and behavior. Two kinds of impulsivity paradigm all play a vital role in smoking behavior. On the one hand, the delay behavior paradigm, and crowd control in delayed rewards smokers were significantly different, the impulse is greater than the individual smoking showed no smoking and quit smoking in the individual delay discounting; on the other hand, in the paradigm of behavioral inhibition, inhibition ability is poorer, more difficult to control the individual for cigarette smoking, which means more vulnerable to addiction, so the inhibition ability was seen as important for addiction resistance . in addition, a large number of studies on smoking cigarettes on the individual attention signal bias and craving, confirmed the relevant signal (such as smoking cigarettes picture) can activate and enhance the sense of hunger for cigarette smokers, but not generally impulsive and individual behavior that appears to be associated.
In order to further explore the psychological mechanism behind the action of smoking individuals rushed through experiment, explicit and implicit two ways to stimulate the individual craving for cigarettes, smokers and non-smokers on control group cigarette craving level and its effect on delay discounting rate exists. Because the signal of addictive substance concentration and inhibition of individual attention control the relationship between each other, which reduced the inhibitory control in direct exposure may increase in addiction related stimuli in experiment two. It will directly related to smoking scene pictures as experimental materials and Go-Nogo, consider the stimulus picture itself emotional valence (positive or negative), trying to explore the smokers and control group in different reaction the inhibition of smoking, and signal stimulus attention can produce effect on inhibitory control ability. A comprehensive experiment and the results of experiment two, draw the following conclusions:
(1) the smokers' thirst for smoking can be enhanced by the activation of visual cigarette stimulation and is not affected by the mode of activation.
(2) the smoking group and baseline control group delay discounting differences, but through the activation of the smoking group delay discounting rate is significantly higher than the control group, and to predict the delay discount level by cigarette craving, impulsive behavior shows that smokers by cigarette craving activation increased.
(3) in the Go-Nogo experiment with smoking scene pictures as reaction materials in the smoking group and the control group in the go reaction (key) there was no significant difference between the reaction time and correct rate, while in the NoGo reaction (key inhibition), the correct rate of the smoking group was significantly higher than the control group showed that the correct rate, as the experimental materials for addiction strengthen the stimulus, smokers inhibitory ability not weaker than the control group than the control group, but better. Show that for different smokers on the special smoking suppression signal impulse stimulation to the general behavior of restraining impulsivity, confirmed drug dependence on addictive substances signal attention will affect its inhibitory control ability originally, inhibitory control ability reduced in direct exposure to addiction in signal will be increased and improved.
(4) the key response time and accuracy rate of individuals on positive pictures were higher than those of neutral and negative pictures. And the inhibition rate of positive pictures was higher than that of neutral pictures, which proved the individual's attention and response tendency towards positive seduction stimuli.

【學位授予單位】：西南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：B848

【相似文獻】

相關期刊論文 前10條

1 梅松麗;張明;張秀玲;姜英杰;;基于延遲折扣任務的網(wǎng)絡成癮者沖動性研究[J];心理科學;2010年03期

2 饒夏n，

本文編號：1540132