本文關(guān)鍵詞：華北5城市民眾SARS疫情中心理行為研究，，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

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cities

     The test of water purification unit funtion and the analysis of raw waters and finished waters in 5 cities were made. The turbidity of all waterworks were above 97% and the bacteriological indicdes were above 99%,The content of iron ranged from 86 2 to 92 3% of all waterworks,the only water purification unit in Hefei is up to the design.

     對(duì)五城市自來(lái)水廠凈水構(gòu)筑物功能進(jìn)行了現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)定，并結(jié)合水質(zhì)資料對(duì)源水與出廠水的有關(guān)水質(zhì)進(jìn)行分析，結(jié)果如下：各水廠凈水效率濁度均在97％以上：細(xì)菌學(xué)指標(biāo)均在99％以上：鐵在86．2～92．3％之間。 合肥水廠凈水構(gòu)筑物的功能符合設(shè)計(jì)要求，其余四個(gè)水廠存在不同的功能失調(diào)問(wèn)題。

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     A RESEARCH FOR SOME QUESTIONS OF THE GROUND WATER FLOW MODEL OF THE LARGE WATER SUPPLY FIELD OF 5 CITIES IN NORTHWEST AREA

     西北地區(qū)五城市大型水源地地下水流模型若干問(wèn)題研究

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     MEHTODS The epidemiological survey data was from a “questionnaire research on family planning”project finished in 5 cities in 2002.RESULTS The total birth control rate of married women at child bearing age is 95.81%.

     方法根據(jù)2002年7月所作的五城市已婚夫婦計(jì)劃生育問(wèn)卷調(diào)查資料,進(jìn)行流行病學(xué)調(diào)查分析。 結(jié)果五城市已婚育齡婦女綜合節(jié)育率為95.81%。

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     METHODS The data was from a “questionnaire research on family planning”project finished in 5 cities in 2002.RESULTS The spontaneous abortion rate is 2.50%.

     方法以2002年7月“五城市育齡婦女計(jì)劃生育問(wèn)卷調(diào)查”的資料,進(jìn)行回顧性流行病學(xué)分析。

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     The sanitary status of school lunch manufacturers in 5 cities

     我國(guó)五城市學(xué)生營(yíng)養(yǎng)午餐企業(yè)衛(wèi)生狀況

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     The 12 month prevalence of wheezing in the 5 cities was 5.1%, 3.4%, 4.0%, 3.3% and 4.7% (χ 2=24.95, P <0.001), respectively.

     （2）上述城市中過(guò)去12個(gè)月內(nèi)喘息的報(bào)告率分別是5．1％、3．4％、4．0％、3．3％和4．7％（χ2＝24．95，P＜0．001）；

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     Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the homology between 4 SENV-D strains was 91%-98% and 95%-98% between 3 SENV-H strains isolated from 5 cities in China.

     從不同城市分離的SENV的核苷酸序列同源性較高 ,4株SENV D同源性為 91%～ 98% ,3株SENV H同源性為 95 %～ 98%。

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     Analysis of the surveillance results of skin diseases induced by cosmetics in 5 cities during the year 2003

     2003年度5城市化妝品皮膚病監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果分析

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     Annual incidence rate of malaria was 0.03 per 10000. Positive rates of blood test for local population and floating population in the 5 cities were 0.05% and 0.14%, respectively, and showed a significant difference (X2=20.848,P < 0.05).

     五市當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裱獧z陽(yáng)性率為0.05%,流動(dòng)人口血檢陽(yáng)性率為0.14%,兩者血檢陽(yáng)性率有顯著性差異(!2=20.848,P<0.05);

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     Study on psychological behaviors of people in 5 cities of North China under SARS situation

     華北5城市民眾SARS疫情中心理行為研究

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     (5) R.

     (5)分布于西亞的R.

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     5?

     心臟指數(shù)明顯增加 (P <0 .0 5 )。

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     Investigation on Cars in 5 Big Cities

     5大城市汽車調(diào)查:品牌、價(jià)位、購(gòu)買傾向

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     5.The cities ruled the surrounding countryside.

     5．城市統(tǒng)治其周圍的農(nóng)業(yè)地段，從其附近的農(nóng)業(yè)地段獲得糧食。

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  cities

Methods: In May and June 2003, 13 focus groups were conducted in 5 cities-Everett, MA; Denver, CO; Los Angeles, CA; Mena, AR; and San Antonio, TX.

An index has been created, based on the experience of a prior version tested in 5 cities in Chile, and from an extensive literature search.

The 5 cities had had different experiences of coping with poor communities.

Illustration of the algorithm by Held and Karp for a traveling salesman problem with J = 5 cities.

Have worked with 5 cities on the design of selection systems for hiring Police Officers 3.

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The velocities of reaction of ethyl acetate with sodium hydroxide in dioxane- water mixture have been determined in seven different temperatures(5°,10°, 15°,20°,25°,30°and 35°).For each temperature,the compositions of solvent mixture are 0,5,10,15,20,25 and 30% of dioxane.We thus obtain 49 velo- city constants as summarized in the following table. At low temperatures,the velocity constant decreases slightly with decrease of dielectric constant of solvent.At higher temperatures,such decreases of k' become...

The velocities of reaction of ethyl acetate with sodium hydroxide in dioxane- water mixture have been determined in seven different temperatures(5°,10°, 15°,20°,25°,30°and 35°).For each temperature,the compositions of solvent mixture are 0,5,10,15,20,25 and 30% of dioxane.We thus obtain 49 velo- city constants as summarized in the following table. At low temperatures,the velocity constant decreases slightly with decrease of dielectric constant of solvent.At higher temperatures,such decreases of k' become more pronounced. The“isocomposition”energy of activation decreases slightly with increase of percentage of dioxane in the solvent mixture. The“isodielectric”energy of activation shows practically no change,when the dielectric constant changes from 80 to 50.Its value is 11300 calories. The experimental data are compared with the three modern theories of ion- molecule reaction,namely,by(1)Moelwyn-Hughes,(2)Laidler and Eyring and (3)Amis and Jaffe.From the viewpoint of influence of dielectric constant on the rate of the present reaction,the first two theories disagree qualitatively with our experimental data,while the last one,though qualitatively successful,fails quantitatively.(The “enhanced moment” and index of refraction as calculated from the last theory with the use of our data are unreasonably large.)

作者在7具不同溫度(5°,10°,15°,20°,25°,30°,35°)下,研究了乙酸乙酯和氫氧化鈉在二氧六圜和水的混合溶劑中的反應(yīng)速度。每個(gè)溫度有7個(gè)不同的二氧六圜和水的成分(0%,5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,30%的二氧六圜),因此得到49個(gè)速度常數(shù)。在每個(gè)溫度里,反應(yīng)速度常數(shù)隨溶劑介電常數(shù)的減小而略為下降:溫度愈高,下降趨勢(shì)愈為顯著。同溶劑成分的活化能隨著溶劑里二氧六圜成分的增加而略為下降。同介電常數(shù)的活化能,在80至50的介電常數(shù)范圍中,卻和介電常數(shù)的變化無(wú)關(guān)。它的平均值是11300卡。我們用實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果檢驗(yàn)最近三個(gè)溶液里離子和分子反應(yīng)速度理論:(1)Moelwyn-Hughes 的、(2)Laidler-Eyring 的和(3)Amis-Jaffe 的理論。就介電常數(shù)對(duì)反應(yīng)速度的影響來(lái)說(shuō),理論(1)和(2)在質(zhì)上就不和實(shí)驗(yàn)相符。理論(3)在質(zhì)上似和實(shí)驗(yàn)相符,但在量上卻相差太遠(yuǎn)。因此就乙酸乙酯對(duì)氫氧化鈉的反應(yīng)來(lái)說(shuō),三個(gè)理論都是不合的。

Ⅰ. A brief mosquito survey was carried out in Changsha, Hunan Province from March to October, 1954. Adult pupae as well as larvae were collected from various habitats. As a result, twenty-six species of nine genera were discovered. They are 1. Anopheles hyrcanus var. sinensis, 2. Tripteroides aranoides, 3. Uranotaenia macfarlanei. 4. U. bimaculata, 5. Orthopodomyia anopheloides, 6. Ficalbia luzonensis, 7. Mansonia uniformis, 8. Armigeres obturbans, 9. Aedes vexans, 10. Ae. niveus, 11. Ae. albopictus, 12. Culex...

Ⅰ. A brief mosquito survey was carried out in Changsha, Hunan Province from March to October, 1954. Adult pupae as well as larvae were collected from various habitats. As a result, twenty-six species of nine genera were discovered. They are 1. Anopheles hyrcanus var. sinensis, 2. Tripteroides aranoides, 3. Uranotaenia macfarlanei. 4. U. bimaculata, 5. Orthopodomyia anopheloides, 6. Ficalbia luzonensis, 7. Mansonia uniformis, 8. Armigeres obturbans, 9. Aedes vexans, 10. Ae. niveus, 11. Ae. albopictus, 12. Culex fuscanus, 13. C. vorax, 14. C. hayashii, 15. C. (Neoculex) sp. 16. C. malayi, 17. C. (Lophoceratomyia) sp. 18. C. pallidothorax, 19. C. bitaeniorhynchus, 20. C. sinensis, 21. C. whitmorei, 22. C. tritaeniorhynchus, 23. C. mimeticus. 24. C. mimutus, 25. C. vagans and 26. C. fatigans. Among these species Tripteroides aranoides, Uranotaenia bimaculata, Orthopodomyia anopheloides and Ficalbia luzonensis were recorded for the first time in the province.Ⅱ. As regards the distribution of these twenty-six species in Changsha, twelve of them were found in Tung Ch'u (or East District) and Pei Ch'u (or North District), ten in Nan Ch'u (or South District), and Si Ch'u (or West District), sixteen in Chin Pan Ch'u, thirteen in Wen I Ch'u, twenty-one in Hui Chuan Ch'u and Yue Lo Ch'u. In the city thirteen species were found and in suburb, twenty-five species.Ⅲ. The daytime resting places of mosquitoes have been classified as household, pigsties, cowstable, villages and hills. Different species of mosquitoes prefer different quarters as their daytime resting places.Ⅳ. Larvae of seventeen out of twenty-six species of mosquitoes have been found Their breeding places and their association with other species are discussed.Ⅴ. On the basis of larval collection six species are considered as important and common in Changsha, namely Culex fatigans, C. tritaeniorhynehus, C. vorax, Anopheles hyrcanus var. sinensis Aedes albopictus and Armigeres obturbans. The correlation between climate and ecology of these six species is also touched on.Ⅵ. A key to the identification of all known species of mosquitoes of Hunan is given.

一.1954年3—10月,在長(zhǎng)沙市初步調(diào)查蚊蟲,共採(cǎi)得蚊種9屬26種。其中有按蚊屬1種、擬三翅蚊屬1種、Uraunotaenia屬2種、Orthopodomyia屬1種、番蚊屬1-種、曼蚊屬1種、阿蚊屬土種、蚊屬3種及庫(kù)蚊屬15種(其中2種未定名)。所採(cǎi)得的9屬26種蚊蟲中,有樹竹擬三翅蚊、Uranotaenia bimaculata、Orthopodo-myia anopheloides及羅宗番蚊4種,在湖南尚系首次報(bào)告。 二.長(zhǎng)沙市蚊種的分佈,郊區(qū)有25種、中心區(qū)有13種。較為常見(jiàn)者有致乏庫(kù)蚊、三 帶喙庫(kù)蚊、中華按蚊、白紋伊蚊貪食庫(kù)蚊及騷擾阿蚊六種。 三.”長(zhǎng)沙市各種成蚊的停歇處,主要是山陵、住宅、郊野及豬、牛欄。 四.在長(zhǎng)沙市所發(fā)現(xiàn)的蚊蟲中,只發(fā)現(xiàn)17種幼蟲。各蚊種幼蟲孳生地的范圍是有差別的。致乏庫(kù)蚊及貧食庫(kù)蚊范圍最廣;Uranotaenia bimaculata、othopodomyiaanopheloides、黑足伊蚊的幼蟲,只在樹洞漬水中發(fā)現(xiàn)。 五.各蚊種幼蟲間共生情況,已在文中討論。 六.在調(diào)查的過(guò)程中,發(fā)現(xiàn)黑足伊蚊在傍晚時(shí)吸吮人血。 七.將湖南省已肢知蚊蟲編為儉索表,以便有關(guān)工作人員之參考。

The city of Lanehow lies in the central part of China in latitude approximate 36°03′north, longitude 103°57＇east, at elevation 1,508.53 M. Kowlanshan, the area surveyed, being one of the many loess plateau hills surrounding Lanchow, situates on the southeastern suburb of the city. Physiographically, the area is a part of the dissected loess plateau with an altitude of 1,508-2100 M. Owing to the influences of the geographical condition and high elevation, the climate of this area is of continental...

The city of Lanehow lies in the central part of China in latitude approximate 36°03′north, longitude 103°57＇east, at elevation 1,508.53 M. Kowlanshan, the area surveyed, being one of the many loess plateau hills surrounding Lanchow, situates on the southeastern suburb of the city. Physiographically, the area is a part of the dissected loess plateau with an altitude of 1,508-2100 M. Owing to the influences of the geographical condition and high elevation, the climate of this area is of continental climatic type. The mean annual precipitation is 338.6mm. with 61.1% of it falling in June, July and August, annual mean temperature, 6.9℃., relative humidity, 58%, annual total evaporation, 3,571mm. and annual mean wind velocity 5.8m/sec. The upper portion of the hill is entirely covered with a thick layer of loess and underneath lies the red earth of the tertiary period. As a result of that, soils in the area surveyed, which has been developed from the loess, is high in calcium content. It belongs to the chestnut soil type with a PH value between 7.6 and 8.1. The vegetation of this area shows the following ecological characteristics: 1) The specific composition of the plant is rather scanty with about. 124 speeies belonging to 93 genera and 41 families; 2) The vegetation bears a simple physiognomy. No natural growth arbor been found in the whole area during the period of investigation, though a few species of cultivated trees are found and the vegetation is mainly composed of semi-frutexes and herbages; 3) Most of the essential species distributing here express distinct xeromorphic structures and many of them are typical components of the vegetation of the steppe and semi-dessect, such as Caragana spp., Hololachne soongarica Ehrenb., Artemisia spp., Chrysanthemum neofruticulosum Ledeb., Stipa spp. Achnatherum splendens Ohwi. and so on. Four plant associations are found in this area. Three of them distribute on the Dorthern slope and one on the southern slope of the hill. They are described as follow: Ⅰ. Chenupodium album+Artemisia annua+Elymus dasystachys Association. The distribution of this association is limited to the erosion valleys situating on the piedmont belt of the northern slope at an elevation between 1, 510 and 1, 560 M., where the edaphic condition is marked by high soil moisture content. The climatic features are of low light intencity with short duration of daily sunshine, high relative humidity and low wind velocity. Three hygrophilous and shade-loving species are the main constituents of this association. They are chenopodium album L., Artemisia annua L., and Elymus dasystachys Trin. Other herbaceous plants are Chenopodium glaucum L.. Sonchus aler- aceus L., Xanthium strumarium L., Polygonum amphibium L., P. aviculare L. etc. A few shrubs are present in the association. They are Lycium chinensis Mill., Lonicera heteroloba Batal. and Lonicera ferdinandi Fr. Ⅱ. Artemisia pectinata Association. The Artemisia pectinata Association occurs on the piedmont belt of the northern slope at an elevation varying from 1510 to 1580 M. It occupies the open slope with gradients under 15°. The climatic conditions, in speaking of the northern slope, are rather high in temperature, strong light intencity, low relative humidity and low wind velocity. The projective total cover-degree is about 50% and Artemisia pectinata Pall. appears to be the dominant species in the association. Besides, there are species of thermophilous and heliophilous plants such as Salsola kali L., S. arachnoides‘Moq’. Kung, Cymbaria mongolica Maxim., Artemisia capillaris Thumb., Aster altaicus willd., chrysanthemum neofruticulosum Ledeb., which are frequently scattered among the dominant plants. Plants growing in this association, are all below 10 cm. in height. They give an appearence of open association. Ⅲ. Chrysanthemum neofruticulosum+Artemisia sacrorum var. latiloba—Polytrichum sp. Association. This association, being the largest one in the surveyed area, appears on the northern slope, where it occupies the space ranging from altitude 1,580M. to the top of the hill,2,100M, above the sea level. Soil is of chestnut soil type with a PH value of 8. 0—8. 1.The soil moisture content varies between 6.0 and 7.4%(layer above 60 cm.). In vertical structure, the association consists of two strata. They are described below: Stratum Ⅰ: This stratum includes all shrubs, semi-frutexes and herbages which are taller than 10 cm. in height. Among the plants found in this stratum, chrysanthemum neofruticulosum Ledeb. and Artemisia sacrorum var. latiloba Ledeb. are dominant species and Stipa Bungeana Trin. is the subdominant one. Other species one may frequently meet with are Allium subangulatum Rag., Saussurea nigrescens Maxim., Peganumharmala L., Astragalus dahuricus Dc., Potentilla multifida L., Linum perenne L., Car-agana frutex K. Koch. etc. They spread widely in almost all over the association. Stratum Ⅱ: This stratum is composed of those species less than 10 cm. in height, forming the ground flora of the association. Polytrichum sp. and Lichens are the essential plants in the stratum. One may occasionlly find species of Plantago Lessingii and Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb. growing among those main constituents. The underground stratification of the association has also been studied during the time of surveying. IV. Stipa Bungeana+Aster altaicus+Chrysanthemum neofruticulosum Association. This association distributes on the entire southern slope except the portions tilled for agriculture purposes. The striking local ecological conditions of this association are strong light intensity with long duration of daily sunshine, high temperature, low relative humidity and extremely low in soil moisture content which ranges between 2. 7 and 4. 0% (the layer above 60cm.). On account of the severe destruction of natural vegetation by man and cattle in the past years, the degree of soil erosion is serious throughout the slope where the association locates. The PH value of the soils is 7.4-76. The polydominant plants in this association are Stipa Bungeana Trin., Aster altaicus Willd. and Chrysanthemum neofruticulosum Ledeb. They are quite adaptable to the drought condition of the environment and distribute widely in the association. Besides, other xerophilous or drought resistant plants are frequently met, such as Hololachne soongarica Ehrenb., Linum perenne L., Astranalus dahuricus Dc., Peganum harmala L., Artemisia sacrorum var. latiloba Ledeb., Artemisia capillaris Thumb., Incarvillea Iutea Bur.＆Franch., Kochia scoparia Schred. etc. They dispersely grow in the association. In addition to the frequent species mentioned above, Salsola ruthenica Iljin. and S. arachnoides‘Moq’. Kung form seperately micro-associations lying scatterly on the slope. No ground flora stratum may be found and the association shows no above ground stratification. The projective total cover-degree of this association is only about 25-30%. Owing to the difference in the aspects of the northern and sourthern slopes, the climatic and edaphic conditions vary remarkable. Therefore, the vegetation of the surveyed area shows distinctions in distribution, floristic composition, physiognomy, structure, condition in growth and development of plants in the association of different slopes. Taking the floristic composition for example, the following species are entirely absent in the association of the northern slope, yet they are main components on the southern one: Pappophorum brachystachyum Taub. et Spach, Thermopsis lanceolata R. Br., Caragana spinosa Dc., Stellera chamaejasme L., Hololachne soongarica Ehrenb., Nitraria schoberi L., Pennisetum flaccidum Griseb. Differences in elevation also induce striking changes in climatic and edaphic con-ditions especially in aspects of air temperature, relative humidity and soil moisture content. All these gives great influence to the alterations either in quantity or in quality of each species distributing along the northern slope of the area. Following the seasonal change, the physiognomy of the associations expresses sucession of seasonal aspect. Vernal, aestival and autumnal aspects have been observed and recorded.

蘭州位于我國(guó)的中心,約占北緯36度03分,東經(jīng)103度57分,拔海1508.53米。皋蘭山是蘭州四周環(huán)山中的最高峰,位居蘭州市東南郊。在地形上,皋蘭山屬于分割黃土高原山嶺的一部分,拔海高度約為2100米。由于地理位置及海拔的影響,蘭州的氣候?qū)俅箨懶詺夂蝾愋�。年平均溫度�?.9℃,年平均雨量為338.6毫米,而61.61％集中在6、7、8、三個(gè)月,全年各月平均相對(duì)濕度為58％,年蒸發(fā)量則達(dá)3,571毫米,風(fēng)力為5.8米/秒。皋蘭山山嶺的頂部均為厚層的黃土所掩蓋,其下則為第三紀(jì)紅土層。因此,調(diào)查區(qū)的土壤,全由黃土母質(zhì)發(fā)育而來(lái),含多量鈣質(zhì),屬栗鈣土類,PH值為7.6—8.1。調(diào)查區(qū)的植被,有如下的生志特點(diǎn):(1)植物種屬比較貧乏:全區(qū)植物只有41科,93屬,124種;(2)群落外貌單純:調(diào)查區(qū)內(nèi)缺乏自然生長(zhǎng)的喬木,植被主要由半灌木與草本植物所構(gòu)成,屬干燥草原區(qū)的灌木草本群落型;(3)植物具明顯旱生形態(tài):群落主要成分,很多是干燥草原區(qū)的代表種屬,如錦雞兒屬、蒿屬、菊屬的小黃菊(Chrysanthemum neofruticulosum Ledeb.)、羽茅屬、芨芨草等。它們都具有各種適應(yīng)干旱環(huán)境的形態(tài)特征。調(diào)查區(qū)植物...

蘭州位于我國(guó)的中心,約占北緯36度03分,東經(jīng)103度57分,拔海1508.53米。皋蘭山是蘭州四周環(huán)山中的最高峰,位居蘭州市東南郊。在地形上,皋蘭山屬于分割黃土高原山嶺的一部分,拔海高度約為2100米。由于地理位置及海拔的影響,蘭州的氣候?qū)俅箨懶詺夂蝾愋�。年平均溫度�?.9℃,年平均雨量為338.6毫米,而61.61％集中在6、7、8、三個(gè)月,全年各月平均相對(duì)濕度為58％,年蒸發(fā)量則達(dá)3,571毫米,風(fēng)力為5.8米/秒。皋蘭山山嶺的頂部均為厚層的黃土所掩蓋,其下則為第三紀(jì)紅土層。因此,調(diào)查區(qū)的土壤,全由黃土母質(zhì)發(fā)育而來(lái),含多量鈣質(zhì),屬栗鈣土類,PH值為7.6—8.1。調(diào)查區(qū)的植被,有如下的生志特點(diǎn):(1)植物種屬比較貧乏:全區(qū)植物只有41科,93屬,124種;(2)群落外貌單純:調(diào)查區(qū)內(nèi)缺乏自然生長(zhǎng)的喬木,植被主要由半灌木與草本植物所構(gòu)成,屬干燥草原區(qū)的灌木草本群落型;(3)植物具明顯旱生形態(tài):群落主要成分,很多是干燥草原區(qū)的代表種屬,如錦雞兒屬、蒿屬、菊屬的小黃菊(Chrysanthemum neofruticulosum Ledeb.)、羽茅屬、芨芨草等。它們都具有各種適應(yīng)干旱環(huán)境的形態(tài)特征。調(diào)查區(qū)植物群落,可區(qū)分為下列的四個(gè)群叢: 1.白藥+黃花蒿+厚穗濱草群叢(Chenopodium album+Artemisia annus+Elymus dasystachys Association) 本群叢分布于皋蘭山山麓的侵蝕溝谷內(nèi),約占海拔1510至1560米的地段。所在地氣候與土壤特點(diǎn)是光線弱、日照時(shí)間短、風(fēng)力小、大氣相對(duì)濕度大與土壤潮濕。群叢優(yōu)勢(shì)種有白藜、黃花蒿和厚穂濱草三種喜濕耐陰植物。此外,伴生有灰綠藜、苦苣菜、蒼耳、兩棲蓼、扁蓄等草本植物。灌木則可見(jiàn)枸杞(Lycuim chinensis Mill)、紫金銀花(Lonicera heteroloba Batal.)、裴氏金銀花(L.ferdinandi.Fr.)三種。 2.篦葉蒿群叢(Artemisia pectinata Association) 這一群叢占據(jù)皋蘭山北坡山麓海拔1510—1580米,坡度在15°以下的開曠地段。其環(huán)境條件,在北坡來(lái)說(shuō),主要表現(xiàn)于陽(yáng)光充沛,溫度高,大氣相對(duì)濕度低與土壤干燥。群叢總夏蓋度約為50％,而以篦葉蒿最占優(yōu)勢(shì)。常見(jiàn)植物有鉀豬毛菜、灰蓬(Salsola arachnoides‘moq’Kung)、蒙古芯芭(Cymbaria mongolica Maxim.)、茵陳蒿、阿爾泰紫菀、小黃菊等喜光喜溫種類。 3.小黃菊+供蒿-蘚群叢(Chrysanthemum neofruticulosum+Artemisia sacrorum var latiloba-Polytrichum sp. Association) 本群叢包括皋蘭山北坡自海拔1580米以上一直至山頂(海拔2100米)的全部地段,為調(diào)查區(qū)內(nèi)分布面積最廣的群叢。其生態(tài)環(huán)境是陽(yáng)光弱、日照時(shí)間短、蒸發(fā)量小、氣溫低;土鑲為栗鈣土,PH值在8.0—8.1左右,土壤風(fēng)干含水量為5.2—5.6％。群叢在垂直結(jié)構(gòu)上,可分為兩層:第一層包括高度在10厘米以上的灌木、半灌木與草本植物,而以小黃菊和供蒿最占優(yōu)勢(shì)。本氏羽茅則為本屬中的亞優(yōu)勢(shì)種。常見(jiàn)植物尚有野蔥、青木香(Saussurea nigrescens Maxim.)、駱駝蓬、達(dá)烏里紫云英,多裂委陵菜、宿根亞麻、木錦雞兒(Caragana frutex K. Koch.)等。第二層為地被層,主要由蘚類和地衣所組成。此外,偶爾出現(xiàn)細(xì)葉車前(Plantago Lessingii)與鱗葉龍膽(Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb.)鋪地生長(zhǎng)。群叢總復(fù)蓋度約為67％。 4.本氏羽茅+阿爾泰紫菀+小黃菊群叢(Stipa Bungeana+Aster altaicus+Chrysanthemum neofruticulosum Association) 這一群叢占皋蘭山南坡除農(nóng)田以外的全部地區(qū)。其氣候與土壤條件,可歸納為下:日曬強(qiáng)烈、日照時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、氣溫高;人為對(duì)自然植被破壞強(qiáng)烈,表土沖刷現(xiàn)象異常嚴(yán)重。土壤水分含量甚低,僅占風(fēng)干重的1.88—3.41％,pH值為7.4—7.6。本氏羽茅、阿爾泰紫菀與小黃菊為群叢中的主要種類。它們對(duì)于干旱的環(huán)境均具有強(qiáng)大的適應(yīng)力。其他常見(jiàn)植物有紅砂、宿根亞麻、達(dá)烏里紫云英、駱駝蓬、供蒿、茵陳蒿、黃角蒿(Incarvillea lutea Bur.＆Franch.)地膚等抗旱或耐旱種類。蘇聯(lián)豬毛菜(Salsola rutheniea Iljin)和灰蓬,常各成單純小群叢,出現(xiàn)于山坡間。本群叢中缺地被層,無(wú)地上成層現(xiàn)象。群叢總復(fù)蓋度僅為25—30％。由于南北坡取向不同所引起氣候與土壤因子的變化,調(diào)查區(qū)植物群落,在分布、結(jié)構(gòu)、外貌、種類成分及生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育狀況上,也隨著發(fā)生很大的差異。海拔高度的改變,對(duì)氣溫、相對(duì)濕度,土溫及土壤水分狀況的影晌,也明顯地反映在群落中各個(gè)種間的數(shù)量比例關(guān)系上。隨著季節(jié)的更換,群落中的種類成分,表現(xiàn)出比較顯著的季相演替關(guān)系。作者等曾作北坡群叢春、夏和秋三季季相的觀察與紀(jì)錄。

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  本文關(guān)鍵詞：華北5城市民眾SARS疫情中心理行為研究，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。