本文選題：旅游化 + 苗文化�。� 參考：《西南大學》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：湘西土家族苗族自治州是湖南西部一個多民族聚居地,地處云貴高原東北側與鄂西山地西南端的結合部,武陵山脈由東北向西南斜貫全境。歷史上,因各種因素的綜合制約,其經濟發(fā)展滯后。在旅游業(yè)興起的今天,湘西各族人民開發(fā)、利用地區(qū)豐富的旅游資源振興經濟、提高生活水平符合湘西實情和人類社會發(fā)展的需要。湘西州鳳凰縣是苗族聚居較為集中區(qū)域,苗文化資源豐富、審美內涵深厚,發(fā)展苗寨旅游成為當?shù)厝颂岣呱钏綖閿?shù)不多的手段之一,但可惜的是這些開發(fā)和運營尚處于獨自摸索的狀態(tài),具有一定的盲目性和偽科學性。而文化是脆弱的,不合理地開發(fā)與操作使苗寨人民既沒有取得旅游帶來的效益又丟失了民族文化美的根性。發(fā)展旅游和保護當?shù)貎?yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化本質上并不矛盾,也不應該為保護文化而放棄旅游的開發(fā)。那么,如何既發(fā)展好旅游經濟又保護好這些優(yōu)秀的傳統(tǒng)文化就顯得十分迫切和重要。 說到底,苗文化出現(xiàn)這些審美嬗變的最根本原因是因為當?shù)厝嗽诂F(xiàn)代旅游和經濟因素的影響下,對傳統(tǒng)文化的審視出現(xiàn)了審美偏差。這里需要強調一點,并不是所有的苗族文化都是優(yōu)秀的,里面也有“封建的”、“偽科學的”成份,但是一種文化能夠在多變的社會里矗立幾千年并在這個注重“審美”的年代受到越來越多人的青睞,就說明它里面存在有許多優(yōu)秀的元素和符號。為收集這些優(yōu)秀的元素和符號,筆者有計劃地選取湘西鳳凰縣落潮井鄉(xiāng)勾良苗寨、巖旯窠苗寨,千工坪鄉(xiāng)香爐山苗寨、雷公寨,臘爾山鎮(zhèn)大唐村、蘇麻寨,山江鎮(zhèn)中國鳳凰山江博物館、苗王府和風凰古城,主要通過田野、座談、個別走訪、問卷等形式進行實地調查。 通過調查結果和借閱相關資料,總的來說旅游對苗文化的影響是把雙刃劍。一方面,旅游促進了民族文化的繁榮。為滿足游客的需要,苗寨旅游從業(yè)者對地區(qū)文化不斷發(fā)掘和提煉,對同類型文化不斷借鑒和重構,對外來文化不斷地學習、過濾和吸收,最后使得地區(qū)苗文化體系更加豐富；同時,有些因社會變化而瀕臨滅絕的文化,因旅游的需要也慢慢回歸、恢復活力。另一方面,因旅游的沖擊,苗寨人民的思想和行為方式發(fā)生了巨大的改變,拋卻掉固有的審美價值觀向“現(xiàn)代化”、“經濟化”、“市場化”看齊,被拋卻的元素里有些是糟粕,但有些是優(yōu)秀的文化基因。這種風氣的蔓延使得本民族許多的優(yōu)秀文化傳統(tǒng)正被不斷的淡化、弱化甚至面臨根系的丟失。在旅游的大背景下,苗族傳統(tǒng)文化的審美嬗變主要呈四種趨勢：第一,苗文化美的內涵和外在形式走向前臺展現(xiàn)給觀眾,呈“表演化”趨勢。第二,苗文化被不同程度的開發(fā)、設計、包裝、銷售,呈“產業(yè)化”趨勢。第三,文化是以符號為基礎的。這種文化符號被旅游不同層次的展示、升華,苗文化呈“符號化”趨勢。第四,苗寨旅游化的過程中,旅游者主體是“城市人”,越來越多苗寨人民從各個方面向他們看齊,以“市民化”為美、以“城市人”為美,苗寨文化呈“城鎮(zhèn)化”發(fā)展趨勢。苗寨文化表演化、產業(yè)化、符號化、城鎮(zhèn)化是苗寨旅游過程中苗族文化走向游客、走向市場以及自身發(fā)展的結果,總的說有一定的進步意義。但是在這個“四化”里存在有相當一部分不好的現(xiàn)象,這是一種美的失落現(xiàn)象。比如：苗文化表演中的“失真”現(xiàn)象、“后臺”文化的“前臺”化現(xiàn)象；產業(yè)化過程中資源浪費和流失現(xiàn)象；文化符號的“空洞化”、“空殼化”現(xiàn)象：城鎮(zhèn)化過程中村民唯“GDP”為美、唯“市場化”為美、唯“現(xiàn)代化”為美等等一系列思想和行動上審美內涵偏差問題。這些問題對苗族文化旅游品牌的形成以及苗族傳統(tǒng)文化的傳承與發(fā)展來說都具有極其大的殺傷力。 解決這些問題的關鍵是要找回苗族文化美的根系并牢牢守護住。這個根就是苗族文化的優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng),可以概括為“以人為上”的整體審美觀；“飲水思源、尊師敬祖”的倫理審美觀；“互幫互助、以和為美”的宗族審美觀；“因地制宜、持續(xù)發(fā)展”的生態(tài)審美觀；“崇尚自由、追求平等”的生活審美觀。 在湘西,苗寨旅游化過程中存在的問題都是外在的顯露,沒有保護好苗文化的根系才是產生諸多問題的本源。把根扶正可以從這三點做起：第一,找準傳統(tǒng)苗文化的根性美。第二：守住當代苗文化的形式美。第三：拓展當代苗文化的內在美。
[Abstract]:Xiangxi Tujia Miao Autonomous Prefecture is a multi - ethnic settlement in the west of Hunan Province . It is located on the northeast side of Yungui Plateau and the southwest end of the Western Hubei mountain . Its economic development is lagging behind by the comprehensive restriction of various factors . The culture is fragile , and the development and operation of Miao village is not contradictory nor should it give up the development of tourism . So how to develop the good tourism economy and protect these excellent traditional culture is very urgent and important .

In the end , the most basic reason of these aesthetic changes in the culture of Miao culture is that the local people have an aesthetic bias on the examination of the traditional culture under the influence of modern tourism and economic factors . It needs to be emphasized that there are many excellent elements and symbols in it . In order to collect these outstanding elements and symbols , the author has planned to select a few thousand years in Xiangxi Phoenix County , and to focus on " aesthetics " . In order to collect these outstanding elements and symbols , the author has planned to carry out the field investigation in the form of fields , discussions , individual visits and questionnaires .

On the one hand , tourism promotes the prosperity of national culture . In order to meet the needs of tourists , Miao village tourism practitioners continuously explore and refine regional culture , learn from the same type of culture , filter and absorb the culture , and finally make the regional culture system richer ;
On the other hand , because of the impact of tourism , the thought and behavior of Miao village people have changed greatly , but some are excellent cultural genes .
resource waste and loss during industrialization ;
The phenomenon of " hollowing " and " cavitation " of cultural symbols : the " GDP " of villagers in the process of urbanization is beauty , only " marketization " is the beauty , only " modernization " is a series of ideas and actions of aesthetic connotation deviation . These problems have great impact on the formation of Miao culture tourism brand and the inheritance and development of Miao traditional culture .

The key to solve these problems is to find the root system of Miao culture and guard it firmly . The root is the fine tradition of Miao culture , which can be summarized as " man - made " overall aesthetic appearance ;
The ethical aesthetics of " drinking water sources and respect for the ancestors " ;
" Mutual help and mutual assistance , with and for the beauty " of the clan ' s aesthetic appearance ;
Ecological aesthetics of " local conditions and sustainable development " ;
The life of " advocating freedom and pursuing equality " is aesthetic .

In Xiangxi , the problems existed in the tourism process of Miao village were revealed , and the root system of seedling culture was not protected . The roots of the traditional Miao culture could be changed from three points : First , to find the root beauty of the traditional Miao culture .
【學位授予單位】：西南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：G127

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本文編號：2035728