本文選題：海洋 + 文明��； 參考：《學(xué)術(shù)月刊》2016年01期

【摘要】：于逢春認(rèn)為宋元之際中國海洋文明海陸雙重帝國架構(gòu)漸漸成型,由于明清時(shí)期將"禁海"作為長期國策,且將海商及海外華僑作為異己力量予以鎮(zhèn)壓。同時(shí),經(jīng)常默許乃至聯(lián)合西方殖民者迫害或屠殺海外華人華僑,使得中國民間海上力量生存空間愈益萎縮乃至蓬勃發(fā)展的海洋文明一度出現(xiàn)中衰,但海洋文明的基因和價(jià)值仍在。李慶新認(rèn)為明代海外貿(mào)易分為官方經(jīng)營的朝貢(貢舶)貿(mào)易與私商經(jīng)營的商舶貿(mào)易兩種形式。明前期,朝廷于浙閩粵三省置市舶司,管理朝廷貿(mào)易,因而三省成為明前期主要對(duì)外貿(mào)易區(qū)域。明中葉海外貿(mào)易發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)型,以民間走私為主的商舶貿(mào)易逐漸成為主流。官方調(diào)整貿(mào)易管理政策,在廣東、福建形成"地方主導(dǎo)"型的貿(mào)易制度,這種各有損益、各具特色的政策促進(jìn)兩省海外貿(mào)易保持發(fā)展勢頭,成為中國對(duì)外貿(mào)易的中心和東亞海洋貿(mào)易的重要樞紐。陳國燦認(rèn)為中國傳統(tǒng)海商群體興起始于唐宋,至明清時(shí)逐漸形成不同特色的海洋貿(mào)易集團(tuán),其經(jīng)營形態(tài)具有鮮明的族緣性和地緣性。海商家族依托海上貿(mào)易而興,海商又在家譜編修活動(dòng)中扮演積極的角色,使得為數(shù)眾多的海商家譜成為傳統(tǒng)譜牒文獻(xiàn)頗具特色的組成部分,其中包含了海商活動(dòng)和海洋社會(huì)的大量信息,反映出海商群體的組織結(jié)構(gòu)和運(yùn)作方式,也從地方層面折射出中國海洋文化的豐富內(nèi)涵與特點(diǎn)。鄭莉認(rèn)為明清時(shí)期,沿海民眾為了維持世代相傳的生計(jì)模式,仍然持續(xù)不斷地移居海外,在中國周邊地區(qū)形成了規(guī)模龐大的海外華人社會(huì)。海外移民定居之后,為了維持原有的宗教信仰和文化傳統(tǒng),在異國他鄉(xiāng)建立了各種不同形式的廟宇、墳山與祠堂,形成了華人社會(huì)特有的廟宇網(wǎng)絡(luò)。這種廟宇網(wǎng)絡(luò)以同鄉(xiāng)、同族、同業(yè)為基礎(chǔ),以宗教儀式活動(dòng)為紐帶,既相對(duì)獨(dú)立,又相互聯(lián)結(jié),建構(gòu)了跨地域與跨國界的社會(huì)文化聯(lián)系,體現(xiàn)了中國民間的海洋文化傳統(tǒng)。。
[Abstract]:Yu Fengchun thought that during the Song and Yuan dynasties, the dual imperial structure of China's marine civilization had gradually taken shape. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the "ban on the sea" was regarded as a long-term national policy, and the sea merchants and overseas Chinese were suppressed as a dissident force. At the same time, it often acquiesced or even United with Western colonists to persecute or slaughter overseas Chinese and overseas Chinese, making the living space of the Chinese folk and maritime forces increasingly shrinking and even the marine civilization flourishing once in decline. But the genes and values of marine civilization remain. Li Qingxin thought that overseas trade in Ming Dynasty was divided into official tributary trade and private merchant trade. In the early Ming Dynasty, the court managed the court trade in Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong provinces, so the three provinces became the main foreign trade regions in the early Ming Dynasty. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, the overseas trade was transformed, and the commercial vessel trade, which was dominated by folk smuggling, gradually became the mainstream. The official readjustment of trade management policies and the formation of a "local-led" trade system in Guangdong and Fujian, which have their own gains and losses, and which have their own characteristics, have promoted the two provinces to maintain the momentum of development of overseas trade. To become the center of China's foreign trade and an important hub of East Asian maritime trade. Chen Guocan believed that the rise of Chinese traditional maritime business groups began in the Tang and Song dynasties, and gradually formed different characteristics of marine trade groups during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The family of sea merchants was born on the basis of maritime trade, and they played an active role in the compilation of genealogy, which made a large number of family trees of sea merchants a characteristic part of the traditional genealogy literature. It contains a great deal of information about the activities of the sea merchants and the marine society, which reflects the organization structure and operation mode of the maritime merchants group, and also reflects the rich connotation and characteristics of the Chinese marine culture from the local level. Zheng Li believes that during the Ming and Qing dynasties, coastal people continued to emigrate in order to maintain the mode of livelihood passed down from generation to generation, forming a large overseas Chinese society in the surrounding areas of China. In order to maintain the original religious beliefs and cultural traditions, various forms of temples, tombs and ancestral halls were set up in foreign countries after the immigrants settled abroad, forming the unique temple network of the Chinese society. This kind of temple network is based on the same country, the same clan and the same profession, takes the religious ritual activity as the link, is not only relatively independent, but also connected with each other, and constructs the social and cultural connection across regions and national boundaries, which embodies the Chinese folk marine cultural tradition.
【作者單位】： 浙江師范大學(xué)環(huán)東海海疆與海洋文化研究院、江南文化研究中心;浙江師范大學(xué)環(huán)東海海疆與海洋文化研究院、人文學(xué)院;
【基金】：浙江省哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)規(guī)劃重大項(xiàng)目“東海西岸古代海商家譜文獻(xiàn)整理與研究”(14YSXK05ZD) 浙江省哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)重點(diǎn)研究基地江南文化研究中心重點(diǎn)課題“古代兩浙地區(qū)海商譜牒文獻(xiàn)研究”的階段性成果
【分類號(hào)】：G127
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本文編號(hào)：1847459