英國(guó)對(duì)德外交研究，1919-1933
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-06-25 11:59
【摘要】：第一次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后不久,協(xié)約國(guó)在巴黎召開(kāi)了處置戰(zhàn)敗國(guó)的國(guó)際會(huì)議。作為主要的戰(zhàn)勝?lài)?guó)之一,英國(guó)為了自身的利益而贊同懲處戰(zhàn)敗的德國(guó)。然而,基于現(xiàn)實(shí)利益和外交政策中的均勢(shì)傳統(tǒng),英國(guó)又反對(duì)嚴(yán)懲德國(guó)。在這一原則的指導(dǎo)下,戰(zhàn)后的英國(guó)逐漸走上了扶持德國(guó)復(fù)興的道路。在巴黎和會(huì)上,英國(guó)反對(duì)法國(guó)肢解德國(guó)的計(jì)劃,這一點(diǎn)在劃定德國(guó)戰(zhàn)后疆界上特別明顯;在戰(zhàn)后德國(guó)賠款問(wèn)題上,英國(guó)主張減少甚至取消這樣的賠款,以加速戰(zhàn)后德國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的恢復(fù)；為了重建戰(zhàn)后大陸均勢(shì),英國(guó)積極協(xié)助德國(guó)恢復(fù)往昔的大國(guó)地位,這點(diǎn)在《洛迦諾公約》和德國(guó)加入國(guó)際聯(lián)盟上表現(xiàn)的尤為突出。 在英國(guó)的幫助下,德國(guó)在1929年之前已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)重要的西歐國(guó)家,但逐漸強(qiáng)大的德國(guó)要求不斷打破和約下的束縛。經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)期間,在英國(guó)的協(xié)助下,德國(guó)終于取消了所有的賠款。在1932年的裁軍大會(huì)上,德國(guó)要求實(shí)現(xiàn)軍備平等,并以此為由宣布退出大會(huì)。對(duì)此英國(guó)先是自己極不情愿地同意了,隨后又成功說(shuō)服法國(guó)同意德國(guó)的主張。在希特勒成為德國(guó)總理之前,固守均勢(shì)原則的英國(guó)在對(duì)德國(guó)外交上基本采取的是扶持政策。本文分三章討論了從1919到1933年初之間英國(guó)對(duì)德外交。 第一章主要分析了從一戰(zhàn)結(jié)束到魯爾危機(jī)期間英國(guó)對(duì)德外交。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后,英國(guó)逐漸調(diào)整了對(duì)德政策。在巴黎和會(huì)上,英國(guó)主張適度而公平地對(duì)待戰(zhàn)敗德國(guó),反對(duì)法國(guó)嚴(yán)懲德國(guó)的種種要求。在維持均勢(shì)原則的前提下,英國(guó)在賠款問(wèn)題上對(duì)德國(guó)采取了較為寬容的態(tài)度。而法國(guó)從自身的利益出發(fā),要求獲得高額的賠款。因此,這一階段的英國(guó)對(duì)德政策更直接地表現(xiàn)為英法在賠款上的斗爭(zhēng)。 第二章論述了英國(guó)在經(jīng)濟(jì)上和政治上促成德國(guó)的復(fù)興。在英美等國(guó)的壓力下,法國(guó)接受了以國(guó)際專(zhuān)家委員會(huì)的方式解決德國(guó)賠款問(wèn)題。隨后的道威斯計(jì)劃和楊格計(jì)劃使得戰(zhàn)后德國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)恢復(fù)與繁榮成為可能。在英國(guó)的保證下而簽訂的《洛迦諾公約》進(jìn)一步提高了德國(guó)的國(guó)際地位,其后德國(guó)成為國(guó)際聯(lián)盟常任理事國(guó),進(jìn)一步標(biāo)志著德國(guó)大國(guó)地位的恢復(fù)。 第三章探討了魏瑪?shù)聡?guó)覆滅之前的英國(guó)對(duì)德政策的演變。在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的背景下,英國(guó)成功的取消了德國(guó)的賠款。強(qiáng)大起來(lái)的德國(guó)進(jìn)而要求打破外在的所有束縛,因而在1932年的裁軍大會(huì)上要求實(shí)現(xiàn)軍備平等,企圖突破凡爾賽和約的軍事限制。為此德國(guó)不惜宣布退出裁軍大會(huì)。對(duì)于憂(yōu)心忡忡的英國(guó)勉強(qiáng)同意了德國(guó)要求的軍備平等,并迫使法國(guó)放棄了反對(duì)的態(tài)度。 總體而言,戰(zhàn)后的英國(guó)在均勢(shì)原則指導(dǎo)下采取了扶持德國(guó)的外交政策,而這在某種程度上加速了德國(guó)的復(fù)興,并且使得德國(guó)有機(jī)會(huì)成為一個(gè)野心勃勃的大國(guó)。這是第二次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)的一個(gè)原因。
[Abstract]:Shortly after the end of World War I, the allies held an international conference in Paris to deal with the defeated countries. As one of the main victors, Britain is in favour of punishing defeated Germany for its own benefit. However, based on realistic interests and the tradition of balance of power in foreign policy, Britain opposes severe punishment of Germany. Under the guidance of this principle, Britain gradually embarked on the road of supporting German revival after the war. At the Paris Peace Conference, Britain opposed France's plan to dismember Germany, which is particularly obvious in delineating Germany's post-war boundary. On the issue of post-war German compensation, Britain advocated reducing or even abolishing such compensation in order to accelerate the recovery of German economy after the war. In order to restore the balance of power after the war, Britain actively helped Germany restore its status as a great power in the past, especially in the Logano Convention and Germany's accession to the League of Nations. With the help of Britain, Germany had become an important Western European country before 1929, but the increasingly powerful Germany demanded that the shackles under the peace treaty be broken. During the economic crisis, with the help of Britain, Germany finally cancelled all compensation. At the 1932 disarmament conference, Germany called for arms equality and announced its withdrawal from the conference. Britain first reluctantly agreed, and then succeeded in persuading France to agree with Germany. Before Hitler became German prime minister, Britain, which adheres to the principle of balance of power, basically adopted a supportive policy towards German diplomacy. This paper is divided into three chapters to discuss British diplomacy with Germany from 1919 to early 1933. The first chapter mainly analyzes British diplomacy with Germany from the end of World War I to the Ruhr crisis. After the war, Britain gradually adjusted its policy towards Germany. At the Paris Peace Conference, Britain advocated moderate and fair treatment of defeat to Germany and opposed the demands of France to severely punish Germany. On the premise of maintaining the principle of balance of power, Britain has adopted a more tolerant attitude towards Germany on the issue of compensation. France, on the other hand, demands high compensation from its own interests. Therefore, this stage of British policy towards Germany is more directly manifested in the struggle between Britain and France on compensation. The second chapter discusses that Britain contributed to the revival of Germany economically and politically. Under pressure from Britain and the United States, France accepted an international committee of experts to resolve the German compensation problem. The subsequent Dawes and Young plans made possible the recovery and prosperity of the German economy after the war. The Logano Convention, signed under the guarantee of the United Kingdom, further enhanced Germany's international status, and then Germany became a permanent member of the League of Nations, further marking the restoration of Germany's status as a great power. The third chapter discusses the evolution of British policy towards Germany before the fall of Weimar Germany. In the context of the world economic crisis, Britain successfully cancelled German compensation. A strong Germany, in turn, demanded that all external shackles be broken, and therefore called for arms equality at the 1932 Conference in an attempt to break through the military restrictions of the Versailles Peace Treaty. To this end, Germany does not hesitate to announce its withdrawal from the Conference on Disarmament. Worried Britain reluctantly agreed to Germany's demand for arms equality and forced France to abandon its opposition. Overall, Britain, guided by the principle of balance of power, adopted a foreign policy to support Germany, which to some extent accelerated Germany's recovery and gave Germany the opportunity to become an ambitious power. This was one of the reasons for the outbreak of the second World War.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D856.1;D851.6
本文編號(hào)：2505667
[Abstract]:Shortly after the end of World War I, the allies held an international conference in Paris to deal with the defeated countries. As one of the main victors, Britain is in favour of punishing defeated Germany for its own benefit. However, based on realistic interests and the tradition of balance of power in foreign policy, Britain opposes severe punishment of Germany. Under the guidance of this principle, Britain gradually embarked on the road of supporting German revival after the war. At the Paris Peace Conference, Britain opposed France's plan to dismember Germany, which is particularly obvious in delineating Germany's post-war boundary. On the issue of post-war German compensation, Britain advocated reducing or even abolishing such compensation in order to accelerate the recovery of German economy after the war. In order to restore the balance of power after the war, Britain actively helped Germany restore its status as a great power in the past, especially in the Logano Convention and Germany's accession to the League of Nations. With the help of Britain, Germany had become an important Western European country before 1929, but the increasingly powerful Germany demanded that the shackles under the peace treaty be broken. During the economic crisis, with the help of Britain, Germany finally cancelled all compensation. At the 1932 disarmament conference, Germany called for arms equality and announced its withdrawal from the conference. Britain first reluctantly agreed, and then succeeded in persuading France to agree with Germany. Before Hitler became German prime minister, Britain, which adheres to the principle of balance of power, basically adopted a supportive policy towards German diplomacy. This paper is divided into three chapters to discuss British diplomacy with Germany from 1919 to early 1933. The first chapter mainly analyzes British diplomacy with Germany from the end of World War I to the Ruhr crisis. After the war, Britain gradually adjusted its policy towards Germany. At the Paris Peace Conference, Britain advocated moderate and fair treatment of defeat to Germany and opposed the demands of France to severely punish Germany. On the premise of maintaining the principle of balance of power, Britain has adopted a more tolerant attitude towards Germany on the issue of compensation. France, on the other hand, demands high compensation from its own interests. Therefore, this stage of British policy towards Germany is more directly manifested in the struggle between Britain and France on compensation. The second chapter discusses that Britain contributed to the revival of Germany economically and politically. Under pressure from Britain and the United States, France accepted an international committee of experts to resolve the German compensation problem. The subsequent Dawes and Young plans made possible the recovery and prosperity of the German economy after the war. The Logano Convention, signed under the guarantee of the United Kingdom, further enhanced Germany's international status, and then Germany became a permanent member of the League of Nations, further marking the restoration of Germany's status as a great power. The third chapter discusses the evolution of British policy towards Germany before the fall of Weimar Germany. In the context of the world economic crisis, Britain successfully cancelled German compensation. A strong Germany, in turn, demanded that all external shackles be broken, and therefore called for arms equality at the 1932 Conference in an attempt to break through the military restrictions of the Versailles Peace Treaty. To this end, Germany does not hesitate to announce its withdrawal from the Conference on Disarmament. Worried Britain reluctantly agreed to Germany's demand for arms equality and forced France to abandon its opposition. Overall, Britain, guided by the principle of balance of power, adopted a foreign policy to support Germany, which to some extent accelerated Germany's recovery and gave Germany the opportunity to become an ambitious power. This was one of the reasons for the outbreak of the second World War.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D856.1;D851.6
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條
1 劉阿明;一戰(zhàn)后初期英國(guó)對(duì)歐政策及其影響[J];江西社會(huì)科學(xué);2003年09期
，本文編號(hào)：2505667
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