歐洲難民危機(jī)背景下德國的難民政策研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-05-28 13:23
【摘要】：2010年末以來,西亞和北非地區(qū)局勢持續(xù)動蕩不安,在復(fù)雜的國際格局、地緣政治以及歷史與宗教因素共同作用下,大量跨出國境尋求庇護(hù)的難民通過地中海和西巴爾干路線大舉進(jìn)入歐洲。聯(lián)合國難民署數(shù)據(jù)顯示,2013年涌入歐洲的難民約為6萬人,2014年上升到21.9萬名。進(jìn)入2015年后,難民規(guī)模迅速擴(kuò)大,歐洲大陸正面臨著二戰(zhàn)以來最嚴(yán)重的難民危機(jī)。作為歐盟國家中申請避難者最重要的目標(biāo)國之一,德國在應(yīng)對此次危機(jī)中起到舉足輕重的作用。德國聯(lián)邦移民與難民局率先于2015年8月25日表態(tài)將對敘利亞避難申請者暫停執(zhí)行都柏林條例,對于沒有登記的敘利亞難民也將批準(zhǔn)其避難申請。此后,隨著不斷涌入的難民潮,許多問題隨之顯現(xiàn)。執(zhí)政聯(lián)盟內(nèi)部及各黨派之間分歧不斷,極右翼黨派勢力擴(kuò)張,民意轉(zhuǎn)變迅速。2016年2月,德國趨勢調(diào)查顯示,民眾對默克爾政績的滿意度為46%,跌至2011年8月以來最低值。默克爾政府針對此次難民危機(jī)采取了怎樣的舉措?這些政策發(fā)展變化背后有哪些深層次原因及影響因素?德國各黨派及社會各界對政府的難民政策持怎樣的態(tài)度?基于此次難民危機(jī)對德國和其他歐洲國家產(chǎn)生的深遠(yuǎn)影響,以及德國和歐盟在應(yīng)對危機(jī)過程中所暴露出的問題,對上述問題進(jìn)行深入研究具有較強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。論文共分六章。第一章提出本文的研究背景、選題目的和文獻(xiàn)綜述,并對相關(guān)概念進(jìn)行界定。第二章闡述論文的理論基礎(chǔ),即由安德魯·莫勞夫奇克創(chuàng)立的以國家偏好為導(dǎo)向的新自由主義。第三章以1993年《避難妥協(xié)法》的頒布和德國難民政策在歐盟共同難民政策框架下的發(fā)展為切入點(diǎn),介紹德國難民政策的歷史發(fā)展過程。第四章和第五章為本文核心章節(jié)。其中,第四章詳細(xì)闡述默克爾政府在歐洲難民危機(jī)背景下的難民政策,首先分析此次歐洲難民危機(jī)的發(fā)展過程及其爆發(fā)根源,隨著危機(jī)發(fā)展德國不斷調(diào)整本國的難民政策,總體來看,其變化發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了從謹(jǐn)慎觀望到開放歡迎再到逐漸收緊三個(gè)階段。第五章結(jié)合以國家偏好為導(dǎo)向的新自由主義,提出本文的核心假設(shè),即:國家偏好決定國家的行為選擇,國家偏好并非固定不變,而是國內(nèi)政治行為體和社會行為體互動的結(jié)果。價(jià)值觀念、經(jīng)濟(jì)利益和安全威脅等因素影響國內(nèi)各行為體的偏好,使國內(nèi)行為體的偏好發(fā)生變化,進(jìn)而使國家偏好發(fā)生變化,從而導(dǎo)致國家的行為變化。通過從價(jià)值觀念、經(jīng)濟(jì)利益和安全威脅三方面分析影響德國在難民政策中國家偏好的因素,以及這些因素對德國執(zhí)政聯(lián)盟和其他政黨等政治行為體以及商界、社會團(tuán)體、選民等社會行為體各自偏好的影響,結(jié)合德國在此次危機(jī)中的難民政策發(fā)展變化軌跡,分析國內(nèi)行為體偏好與國家偏好以及國家行為選擇的因果路徑,驗(yàn)證上述假設(shè)�？傮w而言,在影響德國難民政策國家偏好的因素中,價(jià)值觀念起基礎(chǔ)作用。德國社會長期秉承的人道主義價(jià)值觀念奠定了難民政策整體基調(diào),在其制定和發(fā)展中長期發(fā)揮作用。其次,經(jīng)濟(jì)利益是現(xiàn)實(shí)的利益。短期來看難民政策對德國財(cái)政造成了一定負(fù)擔(dān),長遠(yuǎn)看則會發(fā)揮正面效應(yīng),緩解老齡化趨勢,提供青壯年勞動力,拉動經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和本國人就業(yè)。最后,安全要素是現(xiàn)實(shí)的威脅。隨著大量難民涌入,一方面刺激極右翼暴力排外事件增多,另一方面難民群體內(nèi)部犯罪行為和宗教恐怖活動增加了整個(gè)社會的不安和安全漏洞。綜合來看,反對開放性難民政策的各黨派和民眾看到的是短期經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)和現(xiàn)實(shí)安全威脅,默克爾和德國商界則更多著眼于價(jià)值觀念和長期財(cái)富。
[Abstract]:Since the end of 2010, the situation in the West and North African regions has continued to be volatile and, with the common role of complex international patterns, geopolitical and historical and religious factors, the large number of refugees seeking asylum across the country through the Mediterranean and Western Balkans routes into Europe. UNHCR data showed that the number of refugees to Europe in 2013 was about 60,000, up from 21.9 million in 2014. As a result of the rapid expansion of the size of the refugee population in 2015, the European continent is facing the most serious refugee crisis since the Second World War. As one of the most important target countries for asylum-seekers in the European Union, Germany has played an important role in responding to the crisis. The Federal Office for Migration and Refugees of Germany, taking the lead in its statement of 25 August 2015, will suspend the implementation of the Dublin regulations for asylum-seekers in Syria and will also approve its asylum application for unregistered Syrian refugees. Since then, with the influx of refugees, many problems emerge. In February 2016, the German trend survey showed that people's satisfaction with Ms. Merkel's performance was 46%, falling to the lowest since August 2011. What's the government's move to the refugee crisis? What are the underlying causes and factors behind these changes in policy development? What is the attitude of all the German parties and all sectors of society to the government's refugee policy? Based on the profound impact of this refugee crisis on Germany and other European countries, and the problems exposed by Germany and the European Union in dealing with the crisis, it is of great practical significance to study the above-mentioned problems. The thesis is divided into six chapters. In the first chapter, the research background, the purpose of the subject and the literature review are put forward, and the relevant concepts are defined. The second chapter expounds the theoretical basis of the paper, that is, the new liberalism, which is founded by Andrew Morovchke, which is guided by the national preference. The third chapter introduces the history and development of the German refugee policy in the light of the promulgation of the Act of the Asylum Compromise in 1993 and the development of the German refugee policy in the framework of the EU's common refugee policy. The fourth and the fifth chapter are the core chapters of this paper. The fourth chapter details the refugee policy of the German government in the context of the European refugee crisis, first analyses the development process of the European refugee crisis and its root causes, and with the development of the crisis, Germany constantly adjusts its national refugee policy, and in general, The development of its changes has experienced a gradual tightening of three phases from a cautious view to an open welcome. The fifth chapter, combined with the new liberalism oriented by the country's preference, put forward the core hypothesis of the article, that is, the country preference determines the behavior choice of the country, the national preference is not fixed, but the result of the interaction between the domestic political behavior body and the social behavior body. The factors such as the values, the economic interests and the security threats affect the preferences of the various actors in the country, so that the preference of the domestic actors is changed and the country's preference is changed, leading to the change of the behavior of the country. through the analysis of the factors that affect the country's preferences in the refugee policy from three aspects of values, economic interests and security threats, as well as the impact of these factors on the individual preferences of the political actors such as the German governing coalition and other political parties, as well as the business, social groups, voters and other social actors, In the light of the changing trajectory of the development of the refugee policy in Germany, the causal path between the preference of domestic actors and the country's preference and the choice of the country's behavior is analyzed, and the above-mentioned assumptions are verified. In general, values are based on values that affect the country's preferences of the German refugee policy. The long-term humanitarian value of the German community has laid the overall tone of the policy of the refugees and has a long-term role in its formulation and development. Second, economic interests are the interests of reality. In the short term, the policy of the refugees has a certain burden on the German finance. In the long run, it will play a positive role in alleviating the aging trend, providing the labor force of the young and the middle-aged, and pulling the economic growth and the employment of the national people. Finally, the security element is a real threat. With the influx of large numbers of refugees, on the one hand, there has been an increase in the number of extreme right-wing violent and xenophobic incidents, and on the other hand, the internal criminal and religious activities of the refugee population have increased the social unrest and security gaps. In a comprehensive view, the parties and the population against open-label refugee policy see short-term economic burdens and real security threats, with merkel and the german business community more focused on values and long-term wealth.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京外國語大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D815.6
本文編號：2487100
[Abstract]:Since the end of 2010, the situation in the West and North African regions has continued to be volatile and, with the common role of complex international patterns, geopolitical and historical and religious factors, the large number of refugees seeking asylum across the country through the Mediterranean and Western Balkans routes into Europe. UNHCR data showed that the number of refugees to Europe in 2013 was about 60,000, up from 21.9 million in 2014. As a result of the rapid expansion of the size of the refugee population in 2015, the European continent is facing the most serious refugee crisis since the Second World War. As one of the most important target countries for asylum-seekers in the European Union, Germany has played an important role in responding to the crisis. The Federal Office for Migration and Refugees of Germany, taking the lead in its statement of 25 August 2015, will suspend the implementation of the Dublin regulations for asylum-seekers in Syria and will also approve its asylum application for unregistered Syrian refugees. Since then, with the influx of refugees, many problems emerge. In February 2016, the German trend survey showed that people's satisfaction with Ms. Merkel's performance was 46%, falling to the lowest since August 2011. What's the government's move to the refugee crisis? What are the underlying causes and factors behind these changes in policy development? What is the attitude of all the German parties and all sectors of society to the government's refugee policy? Based on the profound impact of this refugee crisis on Germany and other European countries, and the problems exposed by Germany and the European Union in dealing with the crisis, it is of great practical significance to study the above-mentioned problems. The thesis is divided into six chapters. In the first chapter, the research background, the purpose of the subject and the literature review are put forward, and the relevant concepts are defined. The second chapter expounds the theoretical basis of the paper, that is, the new liberalism, which is founded by Andrew Morovchke, which is guided by the national preference. The third chapter introduces the history and development of the German refugee policy in the light of the promulgation of the Act of the Asylum Compromise in 1993 and the development of the German refugee policy in the framework of the EU's common refugee policy. The fourth and the fifth chapter are the core chapters of this paper. The fourth chapter details the refugee policy of the German government in the context of the European refugee crisis, first analyses the development process of the European refugee crisis and its root causes, and with the development of the crisis, Germany constantly adjusts its national refugee policy, and in general, The development of its changes has experienced a gradual tightening of three phases from a cautious view to an open welcome. The fifth chapter, combined with the new liberalism oriented by the country's preference, put forward the core hypothesis of the article, that is, the country preference determines the behavior choice of the country, the national preference is not fixed, but the result of the interaction between the domestic political behavior body and the social behavior body. The factors such as the values, the economic interests and the security threats affect the preferences of the various actors in the country, so that the preference of the domestic actors is changed and the country's preference is changed, leading to the change of the behavior of the country. through the analysis of the factors that affect the country's preferences in the refugee policy from three aspects of values, economic interests and security threats, as well as the impact of these factors on the individual preferences of the political actors such as the German governing coalition and other political parties, as well as the business, social groups, voters and other social actors, In the light of the changing trajectory of the development of the refugee policy in Germany, the causal path between the preference of domestic actors and the country's preference and the choice of the country's behavior is analyzed, and the above-mentioned assumptions are verified. In general, values are based on values that affect the country's preferences of the German refugee policy. The long-term humanitarian value of the German community has laid the overall tone of the policy of the refugees and has a long-term role in its formulation and development. Second, economic interests are the interests of reality. In the short term, the policy of the refugees has a certain burden on the German finance. In the long run, it will play a positive role in alleviating the aging trend, providing the labor force of the young and the middle-aged, and pulling the economic growth and the employment of the national people. Finally, the security element is a real threat. With the influx of large numbers of refugees, on the one hand, there has been an increase in the number of extreme right-wing violent and xenophobic incidents, and on the other hand, the internal criminal and religious activities of the refugee population have increased the social unrest and security gaps. In a comprehensive view, the parties and the population against open-label refugee policy see short-term economic burdens and real security threats, with merkel and the german business community more focused on values and long-term wealth.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京外國語大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D815.6
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前6條
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