【摘要】：國(guó)家安全觀(guān)是指國(guó)家的執(zhí)政者、參政者等對(duì)國(guó)家安全的認(rèn)識(shí)、觀(guān)點(diǎn),以及在此基礎(chǔ)上形成的理論體系,它包括執(zhí)政者、參政者等對(duì)國(guó)家所處的安全環(huán)境和威脅的評(píng)估、判斷,以及選擇維護(hù)國(guó)家安全利益的策略和手段。國(guó)家安全觀(guān)受多種因素的影響,一旦形成就具有一定的穩(wěn)定性,但它又是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的觀(guān)念,處于不斷的發(fā)展變化之中,隨著時(shí)間、環(huán)境、主要國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人等的變化而有所變化。國(guó)家安全觀(guān)對(duì)于一個(gè)國(guó)家具有重要作用,科學(xué)的國(guó)家安全觀(guān)可以使國(guó)家以最小成本維護(hù)國(guó)家安全,而不科學(xué)的國(guó)家安全觀(guān)則可能使得維護(hù)國(guó)家安全的成本大大提高,甚至?xí)：?guó)家安全。在新中國(guó)成立之初,中國(guó)認(rèn)為世界正處于新的偉大時(shí)代,世界大戰(zhàn)不能避免,而美國(guó)正在對(duì)中國(guó)實(shí)施戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)威脅、和平演變。隨著中蘇關(guān)系的惡化,中國(guó)被迫“兩個(gè)拳頭打人”。后來(lái),中國(guó)主動(dòng)調(diào)整了對(duì)美關(guān)系,聯(lián)合美國(guó)對(duì)抗蘇聯(lián)。影響毛澤東時(shí)期中國(guó)國(guó)家安全觀(guān)的主要因素有：復(fù)雜的國(guó)際、國(guó)內(nèi)環(huán)境,早期以意識(shí)形態(tài)論親疏,蘇共及中蘇關(guān)系的影響,遭破壞的民主集中制,對(duì)中國(guó)國(guó)情國(guó)力的誤判,以及毛澤東的個(gè)人特質(zhì)等等。為了維護(hù)國(guó)家安全,建國(guó)初,中國(guó)在外交上采取了“一邊倒”政策,后來(lái)被迫“反帝反修”同時(shí)進(jìn)行,最終采取了聯(lián)美抗蘇,“一條線(xiàn)”、“一大片”的政策。在軍事上,毛澤東時(shí)期的中國(guó)參加了抗美援朝、爆發(fā)了中印邊界沖突。為了預(yù)防蘇聯(lián)的進(jìn)攻,中國(guó)還進(jìn)行了積極的備戰(zhàn)。但是,在這一時(shí)期,中國(guó)也曾力主以政治方式解決印度支那問(wèn)題,這表明中國(guó)對(duì)待戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)問(wèn)題的態(tài)度是非常理性的。此外,中國(guó)還曾積極嘗試以武力的方式解放臺(tái)灣,但無(wú)果而終。新中國(guó)成立后,毛澤東還提出了“中間地帶”理論,后發(fā)展為“三個(gè)世界”理論。在鄧小平時(shí)期,中國(guó)對(duì)國(guó)家安全的認(rèn)識(shí)更加科學(xué)。鄧小平認(rèn)為時(shí)代主題是“和平與發(fā)展”,并且最終認(rèn)為世界大戰(zhàn)可以避免。但隨著國(guó)內(nèi)、國(guó)際形勢(shì)的變化,鄧小平認(rèn)為國(guó)內(nèi)有著資產(chǎn)階級(jí)自由化的傾向,國(guó)外則有敵對(duì)勢(shì)力對(duì)中國(guó)搞“和平演變”。鄧小平時(shí)期,中國(guó)認(rèn)為威脅國(guó)家安全的其它因素還有霸權(quán)主義與不平等的國(guó)際政治經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序等。而影響這一時(shí)期中國(guó)國(guó)家安全觀(guān)的主要因素有：國(guó)際格局與國(guó)際形勢(shì)的新變化,鄧小平的個(gè)人特質(zhì),對(duì)中國(guó)國(guó)力的客觀(guān)判斷等等。這一時(shí)期,中國(guó)維護(hù)國(guó)家安全的主要設(shè)想與措施有：在對(duì)外關(guān)系上以國(guó)家利益為重,不以意識(shí)形態(tài)論親疏,逐漸從聯(lián)美抗蘇(不結(jié)盟)到開(kāi)展獨(dú)立自主的全方位外交。在世界局勢(shì)風(fēng)云突變的背景下,提出中國(guó)屬于第三世界、決不當(dāng)頭,提倡建立國(guó)際政治新秩序,積極裁軍并加強(qiáng)軍隊(duì)現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)；在對(duì)待周邊領(lǐng)土爭(zhēng)端問(wèn)題上鄧小平提出了擱置爭(zhēng)議、共同開(kāi)發(fā),尋求共同利益；針對(duì)臺(tái)灣、香港等問(wèn)題,鄧小平創(chuàng)造性地提出了“和平統(tǒng)一、一國(guó)兩制”方針。此外,中國(guó)還被迫發(fā)起對(duì)越自衛(wèi)反擊戰(zhàn)。當(dāng)然,鄧小平對(duì)中國(guó)自身的發(fā)展及國(guó)家實(shí)力有著深刻的認(rèn)識(shí),一再?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)一切以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心。江澤民時(shí)期,中國(guó)認(rèn)為和平與發(fā)展仍然是時(shí)代主題,而且世界正走向多極化；世界大戰(zhàn)可以避免,但有爆發(fā)局部戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的威脅。這一時(shí)期,中國(guó)認(rèn)為威脅國(guó)家安全的主要因素是霸權(quán)主義,但非傳統(tǒng)安全問(wèn)題突顯。影響江澤民時(shí)期中國(guó)國(guó)家安全觀(guān)的主要因素有：國(guó)際國(guó)內(nèi)局勢(shì)急劇變化,如蘇聯(lián)解體；海灣戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、9·11事件等,也在很大程度上對(duì)中國(guó)有刺激；而這一時(shí)期,中國(guó)認(rèn)為自身處于社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段,并將在較長(zhǎng)時(shí)期內(nèi)處于這一階段。江澤民時(shí)期維護(hù)國(guó)家安全的設(shè)想與措施有：內(nèi)功上堅(jiān)持改革開(kāi)放,在對(duì)外關(guān)系上提出睦鄰友好政策,提出新安全觀(guān),積極裁軍,實(shí)行積極防御的軍事戰(zhàn)略方針,反霸、努力推動(dòng)多極化,積極推動(dòng)建立國(guó)際政治經(jīng)濟(jì)新秩序,加入世貿(mào)組織并簽訂、加入眾多國(guó)際條約；此外,還積極嘗試解決臺(tái)灣問(wèn)題。胡錦濤時(shí)期,中國(guó)認(rèn)為“要和平、促發(fā)展、謀合作是時(shí)代的主旋律”,但霸權(quán)主義和強(qiáng)權(quán)政治依然存在。這一時(shí)期中國(guó)認(rèn)為威脅國(guó)家安全的來(lái)源多維度、多層次,非傳統(tǒng)安全問(wèn)題進(jìn)一步突顯。影響胡錦濤時(shí)期中國(guó)國(guó)家安全觀(guān)的主要因素有：國(guó)際國(guó)內(nèi)局勢(shì)復(fù)雜多變,中國(guó)自身的實(shí)力發(fā)生了較大變化。在胡錦濤時(shí)期,中國(guó)還首次對(duì)外宣布了自己的核心利益。胡錦濤時(shí)期中國(guó)維護(hù)國(guó)家安全的設(shè)想與措施有：堅(jiān)持并擴(kuò)大改革開(kāi)放,提出“和平崛起”這一概念并對(duì)其舍棄,轉(zhuǎn)而提出“堅(jiān)持和平發(fā)展道路”,中國(guó)還積極實(shí)施裁軍與軍控,積極參加維和行動(dòng),擴(kuò)大對(duì)外援助規(guī)模,推動(dòng)建設(shè)和諧世界。此外,中國(guó)還積極對(duì)臺(tái)灣問(wèn)題予以應(yīng)對(duì)。隨著“和平發(fā)展”、“和諧世界”等理念的提出及實(shí)踐,中國(guó)的國(guó)家安全觀(guān)日趨成熟、科學(xué),但也存在一些問(wèn)題,主要是它主要體現(xiàn)為總原則,但在實(shí)際運(yùn)用過(guò)程中并不能給中國(guó)的大多數(shù)安全問(wèn)題的解決提供指導(dǎo),在一定程度上失去了指導(dǎo)維護(hù)國(guó)家安全而采取措施的意義。因此,有必要學(xué)習(xí)借鑒他國(guó)的安全觀(guān),積極在可操作層面有所改進(jìn)。
[Abstract]:The national security concept refers to the national security awareness, the view, and the theoretical system formed on the basis of the state's consul, the political participation, etc., which includes the assessment and judgment of the security environment and the threat to which the state is located, And to select strategies and means to safeguard national security interests. The national security concept is affected by a variety of factors, and once formed, it has certain stability, but it is a dynamic concept, which is in constant development and change, with the change of time, environment, major state leader and so on. The national security concept has an important role in a country, and the scientific national security concept can make the country maintain the national security at the minimum cost, and the unscientific national security concept can make the cost of maintaining the national security be greatly improved, and can even harm the national security. At the beginning of the founding of the new China, China is of the view that the world is in the new great era, and the world war can't be avoided, and the United States is making a threat to China and the evolution of peace. With the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations, China is forced to ". ..two fists.". Later, China has actively adjusted its relations with the United States and the United States against the Soviet Union. The main factors that affect China's national security concept during the period of Mao Zedong are: the complex international and domestic environment, the influence of the early on ideology, the influence of the Soviet Union and the Sino-Soviet relations, the destruction of the democratic centralism, the misjudgment of China's national conditions, and the individual characteristics of Mao Zedong, etc. In order to safeguard the national security, in the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, China adopted the "one edge" policy in the foreign affairs, and then was forced to take the "anti-imperialist and anti-repair" at the same time, and finally adopted the policies of the United States against the Soviet, the "line" and the "a large area". In the military, the Chinese in the period of Mao Zedong took part in the Sino-Indian border conflict, and broke out the border conflict between China and India. China has also made active preparations to prevent the Soviet offensive. However, in this period, China has also tried to resolve the Indochina issue in a political way, which shows that China's attitude to the issue of war is very rational. In addition, China has actively tried to free Taiwan by force, but it is no fruit. After the founding of the new China, Mao Zedong also put forward the "intermediate zone" theory, and then developed into the "the three worlds" theory. During the period of Deng Xiaoping, China's understanding of national security is more scientific. Deng Xiaoping is of the view that the theme of the times is the "peace and development", and finally the world war can be avoided. But with the change of the domestic and international situation, Deng Xiaoping thinks that China has the tendency of bourgeois liberalization, and the foreign countries have hostile forces to make a "the evolution of peace" to China. During the period of Deng Xiaoping, China is of the view that other factors that threaten national security are the international political and economic order of hegemonism and inequality. The main factors that affect China's national security concept during this period are: the new change of the international situation and the international situation, the personal characteristics of Deng Xiaoping, the objective judgment of the Chinese people, and so on. During this period, the main ideas and measures to safeguard the national security in China are: to focus on the interests of the State in the external relations, not to be in the form of ideology, and to gradually move from the United States to the United States (non-aligned) to the independent and all-round diplomacy. in that context of the sudden change of the situation in the world, it is propose that China is a third world, and it is by no means the first to promote the establishment of a new international political order, to be active in disarmament and to strengthen the modernization of the army, and to put aside the dispute and develop jointly on the issue of the settlement of the disputes in the surrounding territories, In seeking common interests, Deng Xiaoping creatively put forward the "Peaceful reunification, one country, two systems" policy for the issues of Taiwan, Hong Kong and so on. In addition, China has also been forced to launch a fight against the more self-defence. Of course, Deng Xiaoping has a profound understanding of China's own development and its national strength, and has repeatedly stressed that it is the center of economic construction. During the period of Jiang Zemin, China believed that peace and development remained the theme of the era, and the world is moving towards a multi-polar world. The world war can be avoided, but there is a threat of a local war. During that period, China believed that the main factors that threatened the security of the country were hegemonism, but the non-traditional security issue was highlighted. The main factors that affect the Chinese national security concept during the period of Jiang Zemin are that the international situation of China has changed dramatically, such as the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the Gulf War, the 9.11 incident and so on, and it also has a great influence on China; and during that period, China is of the view that itself is in the primary stage of socialism, And will be in this stage over a longer period of time. Chinese President Jiang Zemin's vision and measures to maintain national security in the period of Jiang Zemin's internal skill is to adhere to the reform and opening-up policy, put forward a good-neighborly and friendly policy in the field of foreign relations, put forward the new security concept, the active disarmament, the military strategic policy of active defense, the anti-hegemonism and the efforts to promote the multi-polarization, We will actively promote the establishment of a new international political and economic order, join the WTO and sign and join a large number of international treaties, and actively try to solve the Taiwan question. During the period of Hu Jintao, China considered the "To promote peace, promote development, and seek cooperation is the main melody of the times", but hegemonism and power politics still existed. In this period, China is of the view that the source of the threat of national security is multi-dimensional, multi-level and non-traditional security. The main factors that affect the Chinese national security concept during the period of Hu Jintao are as follows: The situation of the international situation is complex and changeable, and the strength of China's own strength has changed greatly. During the period of Hu Jintao, China has also announced its core interests for the first time. China's vision and measures to safeguard national security during the period of Hu Jintao: to adhere to and expand the reform and opening-up, to put forward the concept of "the rise of peace" and to abandon it, and to put forward the "stick to the path of peaceful development". China also actively implements disarmament and arms control, actively participates in peacekeeping operations, and expands the scope of external assistance. Promote the building of a harmonious world. In addition, China is also actively responding to the question of Taiwan. With the development and practice of the concept of "the development of peace", "harmonious world" and so on, China's national security concept is becoming more and more mature and scientific, but there are some problems, which are mainly embodied as the general principle, but can not provide guidance to the solution of most safety problems in China during the actual application. The significance of measures to guide the maintenance of national security has been lost to some extent. Therefore, it is necessary to learn from the security concept of other countries and to be active at the operational level.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D820

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

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1 丁冬;;出版與創(chuàng)新社會(huì)管理[J];出版發(fā)行研究;2013年03期

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