【摘要】：國家安全觀是指國家的執(zhí)政者、參政者等對國家安全的認(rèn)識、觀點(diǎn),以及在此基礎(chǔ)上形成的理論體系,它包括執(zhí)政者、參政者等對國家所處的安全環(huán)境和威脅的評估、判斷,以及選擇維護(hù)國家安全利益的策略和手段。國家安全觀受多種因素的影響,一旦形成就具有一定的穩(wěn)定性,但它又是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的觀念,處于不斷的發(fā)展變化之中,隨著時(shí)間、環(huán)境、主要國家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人等的變化而有所變化。國家安全觀對于一個(gè)國家具有重要作用,科學(xué)的國家安全觀可以使國家以最小成本維護(hù)國家安全,而不科學(xué)的國家安全觀則可能使得維護(hù)國家安全的成本大大提高,甚至?xí)：野踩Ｔ谛轮袊闪⒅?中國認(rèn)為世界正處于新的偉大時(shí)代,世界大戰(zhàn)不能避免,而美國正在對中國實(shí)施戰(zhàn)爭威脅、和平演變。隨著中蘇關(guān)系的惡化,中國被迫“兩個(gè)拳頭打人”。后來,中國主動(dòng)調(diào)整了對美關(guān)系,聯(lián)合美國對抗蘇聯(lián)。影響毛澤東時(shí)期中國國家安全觀的主要因素有：復(fù)雜的國際、國內(nèi)環(huán)境,早期以意識形態(tài)論親疏,蘇共及中蘇關(guān)系的影響,遭破壞的民主集中制,對中國國情國力的誤判,以及毛澤東的個(gè)人特質(zhì)等等。為了維護(hù)國家安全,建國初,中國在外交上采取了“一邊倒”政策,后來被迫“反帝反修”同時(shí)進(jìn)行,最終采取了聯(lián)美抗蘇,“一條線”、“一大片”的政策。在軍事上,毛澤東時(shí)期的中國參加了抗美援朝、爆發(fā)了中印邊界沖突。為了預(yù)防蘇聯(lián)的進(jìn)攻,中國還進(jìn)行了積極的備戰(zhàn)。但是,在這一時(shí)期,中國也曾力主以政治方式解決印度支那問題,這表明中國對待戰(zhàn)爭問題的態(tài)度是非常理性的。此外,中國還曾積極嘗試以武力的方式解放臺灣,但無果而終。新中國成立后,毛澤東還提出了“中間地帶”理論,后發(fā)展為“三個(gè)世界”理論。在鄧小平時(shí)期,中國對國家安全的認(rèn)識更加科學(xué)。鄧小平認(rèn)為時(shí)代主題是“和平與發(fā)展”,并且最終認(rèn)為世界大戰(zhàn)可以避免。但隨著國內(nèi)、國際形勢的變化,鄧小平認(rèn)為國內(nèi)有著資產(chǎn)階級自由化的傾向,國外則有敵對勢力對中國搞“和平演變”。鄧小平時(shí)期,中國認(rèn)為威脅國家安全的其它因素還有霸權(quán)主義與不平等的國際政治經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序等。而影響這一時(shí)期中國國家安全觀的主要因素有：國際格局與國際形勢的新變化,鄧小平的個(gè)人特質(zhì),對中國國力的客觀判斷等等。這一時(shí)期,中國維護(hù)國家安全的主要設(shè)想與措施有：在對外關(guān)系上以國家利益為重,不以意識形態(tài)論親疏,逐漸從聯(lián)美抗蘇(不結(jié)盟)到開展獨(dú)立自主的全方位外交。在世界局勢風(fēng)云突變的背景下,提出中國屬于第三世界、決不當(dāng)頭,提倡建立國際政治新秩序,積極裁軍并加強(qiáng)軍隊(duì)現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)；在對待周邊領(lǐng)土爭端問題上鄧小平提出了擱置爭議、共同開發(fā),尋求共同利益；針對臺灣、香港等問題,鄧小平創(chuàng)造性地提出了“和平統(tǒng)一、一國兩制”方針。此外,中國還被迫發(fā)起對越自衛(wèi)反擊戰(zhàn)。當(dāng)然,鄧小平對中國自身的發(fā)展及國家實(shí)力有著深刻的認(rèn)識,一再強(qiáng)調(diào)一切以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心。江澤民時(shí)期,中國認(rèn)為和平與發(fā)展仍然是時(shí)代主題,而且世界正走向多極化；世界大戰(zhàn)可以避免,但有爆發(fā)局部戰(zhàn)爭的威脅。這一時(shí)期,中國認(rèn)為威脅國家安全的主要因素是霸權(quán)主義,但非傳統(tǒng)安全問題突顯。影響江澤民時(shí)期中國國家安全觀的主要因素有：國際國內(nèi)局勢急劇變化,如蘇聯(lián)解體；海灣戰(zhàn)爭、9·11事件等,也在很大程度上對中國有刺激；而這一時(shí)期,中國認(rèn)為自身處于社會(huì)主義初級階段,并將在較長時(shí)期內(nèi)處于這一階段。江澤民時(shí)期維護(hù)國家安全的設(shè)想與措施有：內(nèi)功上堅(jiān)持改革開放,在對外關(guān)系上提出睦鄰友好政策,提出新安全觀,積極裁軍,實(shí)行積極防御的軍事戰(zhàn)略方針,反霸、努力推動(dòng)多極化,積極推動(dòng)建立國際政治經(jīng)濟(jì)新秩序,加入世貿(mào)組織并簽訂、加入眾多國際條約；此外,還積極嘗試解決臺灣問題。胡錦濤時(shí)期,中國認(rèn)為“要和平、促發(fā)展、謀合作是時(shí)代的主旋律”,但霸權(quán)主義和強(qiáng)權(quán)政治依然存在。這一時(shí)期中國認(rèn)為威脅國家安全的來源多維度、多層次,非傳統(tǒng)安全問題進(jìn)一步突顯。影響胡錦濤時(shí)期中國國家安全觀的主要因素有：國際國內(nèi)局勢復(fù)雜多變,中國自身的實(shí)力發(fā)生了較大變化。在胡錦濤時(shí)期,中國還首次對外宣布了自己的核心利益。胡錦濤時(shí)期中國維護(hù)國家安全的設(shè)想與措施有：堅(jiān)持并擴(kuò)大改革開放,提出“和平崛起”這一概念并對其舍棄,轉(zhuǎn)而提出“堅(jiān)持和平發(fā)展道路”,中國還積極實(shí)施裁軍與軍控,積極參加維和行動(dòng),擴(kuò)大對外援助規(guī)模,推動(dòng)建設(shè)和諧世界。此外,中國還積極對臺灣問題予以應(yīng)對。隨著“和平發(fā)展”、“和諧世界”等理念的提出及實(shí)踐,中國的國家安全觀日趨成熟、科學(xué),但也存在一些問題,主要是它主要體現(xiàn)為總原則,但在實(shí)際運(yùn)用過程中并不能給中國的大多數(shù)安全問題的解決提供指導(dǎo),在一定程度上失去了指導(dǎo)維護(hù)國家安全而采取措施的意義。因此,有必要學(xué)習(xí)借鑒他國的安全觀,積極在可操作層面有所改進(jìn)。
[Abstract]:The national security concept refers to the national security awareness, the view, and the theoretical system formed on the basis of the state's consul, the political participation, etc., which includes the assessment and judgment of the security environment and the threat to which the state is located, And to select strategies and means to safeguard national security interests. The national security concept is affected by a variety of factors, and once formed, it has certain stability, but it is a dynamic concept, which is in constant development and change, with the change of time, environment, major state leader and so on. The national security concept has an important role in a country, and the scientific national security concept can make the country maintain the national security at the minimum cost, and the unscientific national security concept can make the cost of maintaining the national security be greatly improved, and can even harm the national security. At the beginning of the founding of the new China, China is of the view that the world is in the new great era, and the world war can't be avoided, and the United States is making a threat to China and the evolution of peace. With the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations, China is forced to ". ..two fists.". Later, China has actively adjusted its relations with the United States and the United States against the Soviet Union. The main factors that affect China's national security concept during the period of Mao Zedong are: the complex international and domestic environment, the influence of the early on ideology, the influence of the Soviet Union and the Sino-Soviet relations, the destruction of the democratic centralism, the misjudgment of China's national conditions, and the individual characteristics of Mao Zedong, etc. In order to safeguard the national security, in the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, China adopted the "one edge" policy in the foreign affairs, and then was forced to take the "anti-imperialist and anti-repair" at the same time, and finally adopted the policies of the United States against the Soviet, the "line" and the "a large area". In the military, the Chinese in the period of Mao Zedong took part in the Sino-Indian border conflict, and broke out the border conflict between China and India. China has also made active preparations to prevent the Soviet offensive. However, in this period, China has also tried to resolve the Indochina issue in a political way, which shows that China's attitude to the issue of war is very rational. In addition, China has actively tried to free Taiwan by force, but it is no fruit. After the founding of the new China, Mao Zedong also put forward the "intermediate zone" theory, and then developed into the "the three worlds" theory. During the period of Deng Xiaoping, China's understanding of national security is more scientific. Deng Xiaoping is of the view that the theme of the times is the "peace and development", and finally the world war can be avoided. But with the change of the domestic and international situation, Deng Xiaoping thinks that China has the tendency of bourgeois liberalization, and the foreign countries have hostile forces to make a "the evolution of peace" to China. During the period of Deng Xiaoping, China is of the view that other factors that threaten national security are the international political and economic order of hegemonism and inequality. The main factors that affect China's national security concept during this period are: the new change of the international situation and the international situation, the personal characteristics of Deng Xiaoping, the objective judgment of the Chinese people, and so on. During this period, the main ideas and measures to safeguard the national security in China are: to focus on the interests of the State in the external relations, not to be in the form of ideology, and to gradually move from the United States to the United States (non-aligned) to the independent and all-round diplomacy. in that context of the sudden change of the situation in the world, it is propose that China is a third world, and it is by no means the first to promote the establishment of a new international political order, to be active in disarmament and to strengthen the modernization of the army, and to put aside the dispute and develop jointly on the issue of the settlement of the disputes in the surrounding territories, In seeking common interests, Deng Xiaoping creatively put forward the "Peaceful reunification, one country, two systems" policy for the issues of Taiwan, Hong Kong and so on. In addition, China has also been forced to launch a fight against the more self-defence. Of course, Deng Xiaoping has a profound understanding of China's own development and its national strength, and has repeatedly stressed that it is the center of economic construction. During the period of Jiang Zemin, China believed that peace and development remained the theme of the era, and the world is moving towards a multi-polar world. The world war can be avoided, but there is a threat of a local war. During that period, China believed that the main factors that threatened the security of the country were hegemonism, but the non-traditional security issue was highlighted. The main factors that affect the Chinese national security concept during the period of Jiang Zemin are that the international situation of China has changed dramatically, such as the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the Gulf War, the 9.11 incident and so on, and it also has a great influence on China; and during that period, China is of the view that itself is in the primary stage of socialism, And will be in this stage over a longer period of time. Chinese President Jiang Zemin's vision and measures to maintain national security in the period of Jiang Zemin's internal skill is to adhere to the reform and opening-up policy, put forward a good-neighborly and friendly policy in the field of foreign relations, put forward the new security concept, the active disarmament, the military strategic policy of active defense, the anti-hegemonism and the efforts to promote the multi-polarization, We will actively promote the establishment of a new international political and economic order, join the WTO and sign and join a large number of international treaties, and actively try to solve the Taiwan question. During the period of Hu Jintao, China considered the "To promote peace, promote development, and seek cooperation is the main melody of the times", but hegemonism and power politics still existed. In this period, China is of the view that the source of the threat of national security is multi-dimensional, multi-level and non-traditional security. The main factors that affect the Chinese national security concept during the period of Hu Jintao are as follows: The situation of the international situation is complex and changeable, and the strength of China's own strength has changed greatly. During the period of Hu Jintao, China has also announced its core interests for the first time. China's vision and measures to safeguard national security during the period of Hu Jintao: to adhere to and expand the reform and opening-up, to put forward the concept of "the rise of peace" and to abandon it, and to put forward the "stick to the path of peaceful development". China also actively implements disarmament and arms control, actively participates in peacekeeping operations, and expands the scope of external assistance. Promote the building of a harmonious world. In addition, China is also actively responding to the question of Taiwan. With the development and practice of the concept of "the development of peace", "harmonious world" and so on, China's national security concept is becoming more and more mature and scientific, but there are some problems, which are mainly embodied as the general principle, but can not provide guidance to the solution of most safety problems in China during the actual application. The significance of measures to guide the maintenance of national security has been lost to some extent. Therefore, it is necessary to learn from the security concept of other countries and to be active at the operational level.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D820

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

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1 丁冬;;出版與創(chuàng)新社會(huì)管理[J];出版發(fā)行研究;2013年03期

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