【摘要】：能源安全中最重要的是石油安全。能源安全尤其是石油能源安全,事關(guān)國(guó)家安全。合理的能源價(jià)格和充足的能源供給同樣石油是石油能源安全的兩個(gè)因素。 能源國(guó)際政治系統(tǒng)是現(xiàn)代國(guó)際體系的一個(gè)子系統(tǒng)。能源國(guó)際政治系統(tǒng)處于無(wú)政府狀態(tài),不存在一個(gè)中央權(quán)威來(lái)管理和分配稀缺且具有戰(zhàn)略性意義的能源,尤其是石油資源。各石油消費(fèi)國(guó)從自身利益出發(fā),制定中東石油戰(zhàn)略,“自助”維護(hù)自身石油能源安全。 作為能源消費(fèi)大國(guó)的中國(guó)和日本,石油的對(duì)外依賴都很嚴(yán)重,石油能源戰(zhàn)略是兩國(guó)國(guó)家安全戰(zhàn)略的重中之重。在相似的能源安全困境下,兩國(guó)自助制定各自的石油能源戰(zhàn)略。同時(shí),國(guó)際能源政治系統(tǒng)是無(wú)政府狀態(tài)的,加之石油資源有限。中日兩國(guó)為維護(hù)自身能源安全,在石油問(wèn)題上必然存在沖突。當(dāng)中國(guó)為保障石油安全而采取自助行動(dòng)后,日本則視其能源安全即會(huì)相應(yīng)降低。這就促使日本采取相應(yīng)“自助”措施,結(jié)果是大家都感到更不安全。于是,不斷地“自助”產(chǎn)生不斷地競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。 目前,兩國(guó)石油能源安全戰(zhàn)略沖突不斷,尤以兩國(guó)在中東石油領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的沖突最為激烈。由于石油進(jìn)口主要集中在中東地區(qū),兩國(guó)在爭(zhēng)奪中東石油進(jìn)口權(quán)和在謀求中東產(chǎn)油國(guó)的開(kāi)采權(quán)上的發(fā)生了激烈沖突。首先,中日石油資源來(lái)源渠道具有驚人的趨同性,石油對(duì)外依存度極高,且主要是中東地區(qū)。中國(guó)主張國(guó)家之間通過(guò)合作實(shí)現(xiàn)共贏,與日本進(jìn)行能源合作符合中國(guó)的國(guó)家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。而日方認(rèn)為,中國(guó)長(zhǎng)期大宗買進(jìn)石油將打破中東原有的石油輸出格局,擠占其傳統(tǒng)的石油供給。 同時(shí),基于結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義“相對(duì)收益”理論,日本認(rèn)為,日中能源合作將增進(jìn)中國(guó)的能源安全,是中國(guó)在經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事等方面獲得相對(duì)收益。這種相對(duì)利益會(huì)損害日方的國(guó)家利益。所以,在中東石油進(jìn)口權(quán)上,日本選擇競(jìng)爭(zhēng)而非合作。 但是,能源國(guó)際政治系統(tǒng)的主要行為體之間存在高度相互依存的關(guān)系。在能源國(guó)際政治系統(tǒng)中,“一個(gè)主要特征就是相互依存”。這是由全球能源市場(chǎng),特別是石油市場(chǎng)的高度一體化決定的。在當(dāng)今世界,包括國(guó)家行為體在內(nèi)的各種政治實(shí)體之間的相互依存性已經(jīng)大大增加,完全意義上的獨(dú)立和自助幾乎是不可能的,國(guó)家之間的相互合作已經(jīng)成為發(fā)展的必然趨勢(shì)。無(wú)論日本是否承認(rèn)或接受,中日之間進(jìn)行能源合作的客觀必要性和基礎(chǔ)已經(jīng)存在。兩國(guó)應(yīng)秉承務(wù)實(shí),以點(diǎn)帶面,逐步加強(qiáng)信任合作。中日聯(lián)合議價(jià)就是一個(gè)很好的合作切入點(diǎn)。
[Abstract]:The most important thing in energy security is oil security. Energy security, especially oil energy security, is related to national security. Reasonable energy price and adequate energy supply are two factors of petroleum energy security. Energy international political system is a subsystem of modern international system. The international political system of energy is anarchy, and there is no central authority to manage and distribute the scarce and strategic energy, especially the petroleum resources. The oil consuming countries formulate the Middle East petroleum strategy in their own interests, and maintain their own oil energy security. China and Japan, as the big energy consuming countries, depend heavily on the oil, and the petroleum energy strategy is the most important part of the national security strategy of the two countries. In a similar energy security dilemma, the two countries self-developed their own oil energy strategy. At the same time, the international energy political system is anarchic, coupled with limited oil resources. In order to maintain their own energy security, China and Japan are bound to conflict on the oil issue. When China takes self-help measures to safeguard its oil security, Japan sees its energy security as diminished. This prompted Japan to take appropriate self-help measures, with the result that everyone felt less safe. As a result, constantly "self-help" produces constant competition. At present, the conflict between the two countries' oil and energy security strategy is constant, especially in the Middle East oil field. As oil imports are mainly concentrated in the Middle East, there is a fierce conflict between the two countries in fighting for the right to import oil in the Middle East and in seeking the exploitation rights of the oil producing countries in the Middle East. First of all, there is a remarkable convergence between China and Japan in the source channels of petroleum resources, and the oil dependence on foreign countries is very high, mainly in the Middle East. China advocates win-win cooperation between countries and energy cooperation with Japan is in line with China's national development strategy. Japan, meanwhile, believes that China's long-term buying of oil will break the old Middle East oil export pattern and squeeze out its traditional oil supply. At the same time, based on the theory of "relative benefits" of structural realism, Japan believes that Japan-China energy cooperation will enhance China's energy security, and that China will gain relative benefits in economic and military aspects. This relative interest will harm the national interests of the Japanese side. Therefore, in the Middle East oil import rights, Japan chose to compete rather than cooperate. However, there is a high degree of interdependence among the main actors in the energy international political system. In the international political system of energy, "one of the main features is interdependence". This is determined by the high degree of integration of the global energy market, especially the oil market. In today's world, the interdependence of various political entities, including State actors, has greatly increased, independence and self-help in a complete sense are almost impossible, and mutual cooperation between States has become an inevitable trend of development. Whether or not Japan recognizes or accepts it, the objective necessity and foundation of energy cooperation between China and Japan already exist. The two countries should uphold pragmatism and step by step strengthen trust and cooperation. Joint bargaining between China and Japan is a good entry point for cooperation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D815.4;F416.22

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