【摘要】：伊斯蘭政治動(dòng)員和政治參與一直是關(guān)涉中東伊斯蘭國(guó)家政治發(fā)展道路和方向的重大議題，因而深受國(guó)際社會(huì)及學(xué)術(shù)界的關(guān)注。2010年末中東變局發(fā)生以來(lái)，伊斯蘭力量在政治上強(qiáng)勢(shì)崛起，一些伊斯蘭組織已經(jīng)從草根狀態(tài)的反對(duì)派變身為執(zhí)掌大權(quán)的當(dāng)政者。埃及穆斯林兄弟會(huì)乃是其典型代表。因此，從政治動(dòng)員和政治參與視角考察埃及穆斯林兄弟會(huì)，不僅可以揭示當(dāng)前伊斯蘭主義在政治上的崛起，也有助于認(rèn)識(shí)中東伊斯蘭國(guó)家的政治發(fā)展道路。從這個(gè)意義上說(shuō)，本項(xiàng)研究有著重要的學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。 埃及穆斯林兄弟會(huì)的政治實(shí)踐是在埃及特定政治環(huán)境下的產(chǎn)物，它對(duì)埃及政治發(fā)展進(jìn)程產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。本文依據(jù)政治發(fā)展理論，，考察并分析了穆兄會(huì)政治動(dòng)員和參與的外部環(huán)境、組織結(jié)構(gòu)、方式和特點(diǎn)、效果和影響等內(nèi)容。第一章介紹了埃及政黨政治這一穆兄會(huì)政治動(dòng)員和參與的政治環(huán)境，排斥民眾動(dòng)員和參與以及缺乏廣泛的社會(huì)基礎(chǔ)是這一環(huán)境的主要特點(diǎn)。第二章介紹了穆兄會(huì)政治動(dòng)員和參與的理念和組織結(jié)構(gòu)，包括對(duì)穆兄會(huì)影響深遠(yuǎn)的三位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人哈�！ぐ嗉{、賽義德·庫(kù)特卜和哈�！ず日蝿�(dòng)員和參與理念的介紹以及對(duì)由公開(kāi)系統(tǒng)、準(zhǔn)軍事系統(tǒng)和秘密系統(tǒng)組成的穆兄會(huì)組織結(jié)構(gòu)的介紹。第三章分析和總結(jié)了穆兄會(huì)政治動(dòng)員和參與的方式及特點(diǎn)，著重介紹了穆兄會(huì)是如何通過(guò)提供公共服務(wù)、參加議會(huì)選舉等方式在政治體系內(nèi)擴(kuò)展其影響力的，進(jìn)而概括了穆兄會(huì)動(dòng)員和參與的二重性特點(diǎn)及國(guó)家能力、制度化參與渠道這兩個(gè)因素在不同時(shí)期對(duì)這種二重性傾向的影響。第四章對(duì)穆兄會(huì)政治動(dòng)員和參與效果進(jìn)行了總結(jié)和評(píng)價(jià)。 本文認(rèn)為，穆兄會(huì)政治動(dòng)員和參與的成功代表著民眾政治的興起，構(gòu)成埃及特定政治環(huán)境下民眾動(dòng)員和參與的方式，這是其進(jìn)步的一面；另一方面，穆兄會(huì)以宗教為基礎(chǔ)的意識(shí)形態(tài)使其將現(xiàn)代化過(guò)程中普遍存在的“發(fā)展危機(jī)”簡(jiǎn)單地歸因于偏離“真正的伊斯蘭”，從而提出“伊斯蘭就是解決方法”，因此，它無(wú)法深刻認(rèn)識(shí)埃及發(fā)展危機(jī)的深層原因，無(wú)法提出切實(shí)可行的政治社會(huì)綱領(lǐng)，這是其局限性。然而，隨著埃及政治環(huán)境的改變，穆兄會(huì)自身也在逐漸轉(zhuǎn)型，其靈活性和適應(yīng)性逐步增強(qiáng)。目前，隨著制度化參與渠道的建立，其對(duì)埃及政治發(fā)展影響最為深遠(yuǎn)的問(wèn)題就是執(zhí)政的自由與正義黨能否真正成為一個(gè)強(qiáng)大、獨(dú)立自主又致力于民主的政黨，還是正如反對(duì)派所說(shuō)的僅僅是穆兄會(huì)操縱埃及政治的工具，這一問(wèn)題仍有待觀察。因此，埃及變局后的政治轉(zhuǎn)型和政治發(fā)展道路充滿著不確定性。
[Abstract]:Islamic political mobilization and political participation has always been a major issue concerning the way and direction of the political development of the Islamic countries in the Middle East, and has therefore attracted the attention of the international community and the academic community. Since the Middle East changed at the end of 2010, Islamist forces have emerged politically, and some Islamist groups have moved from grassroots opposition to power. The Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt is a typical example. Therefore, studying the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood from the perspective of political mobilization and political participation can not only reveal the current rise of Islamism in politics, but also help to understand the political development of Islamic countries in the Middle East. In this sense, this study has important academic value and practical significance. The political practice of the Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt is the result of the specific political environment in Egypt, which has a profound influence on the political development of Egypt. Based on the theory of political development, this paper investigates and analyzes the external environment, organizational structure, mode and characteristics, effect and influence of the Brotherhood's political mobilization and participation. The first chapter introduces the political environment of political mobilization and participation of the Brotherhood in Egypt, which is characterized by the exclusion of popular mobilization and participation and the lack of a broad social base. Chapter II describes the concept and organizational structure of the Brotherhood's political mobilization and participation, including Hassan Banner, the three leaders with far-reaching influence on the Brotherhood, Introduction to the ideas of political mobilization and participation by said Kuteb and Hassan Houdibi, as well as to the organization of the Brotherhood, which consists of open systems, paramilitary systems and secret systems. The third chapter analyzes and summarizes the ways and characteristics of the Brotherhood's political mobilization and participation, focusing on how the Brotherhood expands its influence within the political system by providing public services and taking part in parliamentary elections. Then it summarizes the dual characteristics of the Brotherhood's mobilization and participation and the influence of the two factors, such as the national capacity and the institutionalized participation channel, on this duality tendency in different periods. Chapter four summarizes and evaluates the effect of the Brotherhood's political mobilization and participation. This paper holds that the success of the Brotherhood's political mobilization and participation represents the rise of popular politics, which constitutes the way of public mobilization and participation under the specific political environment in Egypt, which is the progressive aspect of the Brotherhood's political mobilization and participation. On the other hand, the Brotherhood's religiously based ideology simply ascribes the "crisis of development" that prevailed in the process of modernization to deviations from "true Islam", thus proposing that "Islam is the solution", Its limitation is its inability to deeply understand the underlying causes of Egypt's development crisis and to put forward practical political and social programs. However, as Egypt's political environment changes, the Brotherhood itself is transforming itself, with increased flexibility and adaptability. At present, with the establishment of institutionalized channels of participation, the most far-reaching issue affecting the political development of Egypt is whether the ruling Liberal and Justice Party can truly become a strong, independent and democratic political party. Or, as the opposition puts it, simply the Brotherhood's tools for manipulating Egyptian politics, the question remains to be seen. As a result, Egypt's political transformation and political development after the road is full of uncertainty.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院研究生院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：D815.4

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