結(jié)盟在中西歷史的演進(jìn)與實(shí)踐差異
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-12-07 07:49
【摘要】：結(jié)盟是指兩個(gè)及以上國家為行為主體,出于國家安全與利益的考量,建立的軍事方面相互協(xié)調(diào)行動(dòng)的協(xié)定。按照結(jié)盟國家的實(shí)力、結(jié)盟的目的和結(jié)盟內(nèi)部運(yùn)作方式,可分別將結(jié)盟劃分為對稱性結(jié)盟與非對稱性結(jié)盟、進(jìn)攻性結(jié)盟與防御性結(jié)盟、控制性結(jié)盟與合作性結(jié)盟。受歷史與文化的影響,結(jié)盟在中國和西方有著不同的實(shí)踐模式,并且隨歷史發(fā)展不斷演變。在中國,結(jié)盟可分為以下四個(gè)階段:(1)先秦時(shí)期尚未建立中央集權(quán)制國家,各個(gè)諸侯國之間有眾多合縱連橫、弱肉強(qiáng)食的結(jié)盟現(xiàn)象;(2)秦朝實(shí)現(xiàn)反封建,建立了大一統(tǒng)的中央集權(quán)制國家,形成了不依靠主動(dòng)的武力擴(kuò)張而是吸引周邊民族主動(dòng)靠近的旋渦模式,天下觀漸漸成熟,影響著結(jié)盟觀念的轉(zhuǎn)型。這一時(shí)期的結(jié)盟是防御性、合作性結(jié)盟,是中國處于弱勢面臨戰(zhàn)禍時(shí),主動(dòng)與對方結(jié)盟,并輔以經(jīng)濟(jì)、貿(mào)易等手段實(shí)現(xiàn)和平,促進(jìn)了民族融合。(3)近代以來,中國面對西方的侵略不得不采用西方式結(jié)盟,通過“以夷制夷”等結(jié)盟方式維護(hù)生存和利益。(4)建國以后新中國為不結(jié)盟政策進(jìn)行了漫長而堅(jiān)定的努力。冷戰(zhàn)初期,面對兩個(gè)超級大國主導(dǎo)的霸權(quán)格局,新中國選擇與蘇聯(lián)結(jié)盟,但堅(jiān)決反對蘇聯(lián)通過聯(lián)盟對我國的控制,堅(jiān)持獨(dú)立自主。隨著綜合國力的發(fā)展與國際環(huán)境的演變,中國于80年代開始明確奉行不結(jié)盟的外交政策。西方的結(jié)盟主要分為以下三個(gè)階段:(1)19世紀(jì)末期之前,西方各諸侯國間的結(jié)盟與中國先秦時(shí)期結(jié)盟類似,是一種弱肉強(qiáng)食的武力斗爭方式。(2)19世紀(jì)末,西方國家從自由資本主義向帝國主義轉(zhuǎn)變,帶來了結(jié)盟的轉(zhuǎn)型。這一時(shí)期的結(jié)盟是對稱性、擴(kuò)張性和合作性結(jié)盟:同質(zhì)的西方帝國為了實(shí)現(xiàn)自身強(qiáng)權(quán)的海外擴(kuò)張結(jié)成同盟,以協(xié)調(diào)海外利益,劃分勢力范圍。(3)二戰(zhàn)后,西方結(jié)盟轉(zhuǎn)型進(jìn)入新的模式,是一種非對稱性、擴(kuò)張性、控制性結(jié)盟。冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期,號稱“反殖民的新大國”的美國、蘇聯(lián)建立同盟,將同盟變型為美蘇強(qiáng)權(quán)對原殖民地國家進(jìn)行“控制”和攫取自身利益的方式。冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后,美國用軍事和經(jīng)濟(jì)手段維持龐大同盟體系,繼續(xù)通過結(jié)盟實(shí)現(xiàn)對別國的控制,從中獲取利益。當(dāng)前西方主導(dǎo)的國際秩序與全球化面臨新問題,我們應(yīng)該審視結(jié)盟體系的實(shí)質(zhì)與國際秩序的根本特征。中國堅(jiān)決不結(jié)盟,反對同盟體系,既反對傳統(tǒng)結(jié)盟運(yùn)用武力針對第三方的軍事對立,也反對新型結(jié)盟以同盟的名義控制小國、攫取利益。不結(jié)盟是中國的外交倫理底線,中國所倡導(dǎo)的合作共贏與人類命運(yùn)共同體將是有利于世界各國共同發(fā)展的中國智慧與中國方案。
[Abstract]:Alliance is an agreement that two or more countries act in coordination with each other for the consideration of national security and interests. According to the strength of the allied countries, the purpose of the alliance and the internal operation mode of the alliance, the alliance can be divided into symmetrical alliance and asymmetric alliance, offensive alliance and defensive alliance, control alliance and cooperative alliance. Under the influence of history and culture, the alliance has different practice modes in China and the West, and evolves with the development of history. In China, the alliance can be divided into the following four stages: (1) the central state has not been established in the pre-Qin period, and there are many alliances among the various kingdoms; (2) the Qin Dynasty realized anti-feudalism, established a unified centralized state, and formed a vortex model that did not rely on active military expansion but attracted the peripheral nationalities to approach voluntarily. The view of the world gradually matured and affected the transformation of the concept of alliance. The alliance in this period was defensive and cooperative. When China was in a weak position and faced with the scourge of war, it took the initiative to form an alliance with the other side, accompanied by economic and trade means to achieve peace, thus promoting national integration. (3) since modern times, In the face of Western aggression, China had to adopt a western-style alliance to safeguard its survival and interests through such means as "razing the barbarians". (4) after the founding of the people's Republic of China, the people's Republic of China made a long and firm effort for the non-alignment policy. At the beginning of the Cold War, facing the hegemonic pattern dominated by the two superpowers, New China chose to form an alliance with the Soviet Union, but resolutely opposed the Soviet Union's control of our country through the alliance and insisted on independence and autonomy. With the development of comprehensive national strength and the evolution of international environment, China began to pursue a foreign policy of non-alignment in the 1980 s. The alliance of the West is divided into the following three stages: (1) before the end of the 19th century, the alliance between the various states of the West was similar to the alliance in the pre-Qin period of China, and it was a form of armed struggle against the law of the jungle. (2) at the end of the 19th century, The transition of Western countries from free capitalism to imperialism brought about the transition of alliance. The alliance of this period was symmetrical, expansionary and cooperative: the homogeneous Western Empire formed an alliance to achieve its own overseas expansion of power to reconcile overseas interests and divide its sphere of influence. (3) after World War II, Western alliance transition into a new model, is an asymmetric, expansionary, controlling alliance. During the Cold War, the United States, known as the "new anti-colonial power", the Soviet Union established an alliance, transforming the alliance into a way for the Soviet Union to "control" the former colonial countries and seize their own interests. After the end of the Cold War, the United States maintained its huge alliance system by military and economic means, and continued to gain from it by realizing its control over other countries through alliance. At present, the western-dominated international order and globalization are facing new problems, so we should examine the essence of the alliance system and the fundamental characteristics of the international order. China is firmly non-aligned and opposes the alliance system. It opposes both the traditional alliance and the use of military force against third parties, as well as the new alliance, which controls small countries in the name of the alliance and takes advantage of it. Nonalignment is the bottom line of China's diplomatic ethics, and the win-win cooperation and human destiny community advocated by China will be China's wisdom and China's plan conducive to the common development of all countries in the world.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：外交學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D801
[Abstract]:Alliance is an agreement that two or more countries act in coordination with each other for the consideration of national security and interests. According to the strength of the allied countries, the purpose of the alliance and the internal operation mode of the alliance, the alliance can be divided into symmetrical alliance and asymmetric alliance, offensive alliance and defensive alliance, control alliance and cooperative alliance. Under the influence of history and culture, the alliance has different practice modes in China and the West, and evolves with the development of history. In China, the alliance can be divided into the following four stages: (1) the central state has not been established in the pre-Qin period, and there are many alliances among the various kingdoms; (2) the Qin Dynasty realized anti-feudalism, established a unified centralized state, and formed a vortex model that did not rely on active military expansion but attracted the peripheral nationalities to approach voluntarily. The view of the world gradually matured and affected the transformation of the concept of alliance. The alliance in this period was defensive and cooperative. When China was in a weak position and faced with the scourge of war, it took the initiative to form an alliance with the other side, accompanied by economic and trade means to achieve peace, thus promoting national integration. (3) since modern times, In the face of Western aggression, China had to adopt a western-style alliance to safeguard its survival and interests through such means as "razing the barbarians". (4) after the founding of the people's Republic of China, the people's Republic of China made a long and firm effort for the non-alignment policy. At the beginning of the Cold War, facing the hegemonic pattern dominated by the two superpowers, New China chose to form an alliance with the Soviet Union, but resolutely opposed the Soviet Union's control of our country through the alliance and insisted on independence and autonomy. With the development of comprehensive national strength and the evolution of international environment, China began to pursue a foreign policy of non-alignment in the 1980 s. The alliance of the West is divided into the following three stages: (1) before the end of the 19th century, the alliance between the various states of the West was similar to the alliance in the pre-Qin period of China, and it was a form of armed struggle against the law of the jungle. (2) at the end of the 19th century, The transition of Western countries from free capitalism to imperialism brought about the transition of alliance. The alliance of this period was symmetrical, expansionary and cooperative: the homogeneous Western Empire formed an alliance to achieve its own overseas expansion of power to reconcile overseas interests and divide its sphere of influence. (3) after World War II, Western alliance transition into a new model, is an asymmetric, expansionary, controlling alliance. During the Cold War, the United States, known as the "new anti-colonial power", the Soviet Union established an alliance, transforming the alliance into a way for the Soviet Union to "control" the former colonial countries and seize their own interests. After the end of the Cold War, the United States maintained its huge alliance system by military and economic means, and continued to gain from it by realizing its control over other countries through alliance. At present, the western-dominated international order and globalization are facing new problems, so we should examine the essence of the alliance system and the fundamental characteristics of the international order. China is firmly non-aligned and opposes the alliance system. It opposes both the traditional alliance and the use of military force against third parties, as well as the new alliance, which controls small countries in the name of the alliance and takes advantage of it. Nonalignment is the bottom line of China's diplomatic ethics, and the win-win cooperation and human destiny community advocated by China will be China's wisdom and China's plan conducive to the common development of all countries in the world.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：外交學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D801
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