美國(guó)海權(quán)研究：成因與變遷
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-11-23 20:43
【摘要】：本研究試圖從環(huán)境因素與物質(zhì)條件,以及社會(huì)文化和政治意識(shí)形態(tài),即經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)與上層建筑兩個(gè)方面來解釋美國(guó)海權(quán)思想的成因；隨后從海權(quán)思想的主要實(shí)踐——美國(guó)海軍戰(zhàn)略的歷史變遷來揭示這一演變背后的動(dòng)力因素。 美國(guó)的自然地理環(huán)境使其具有從事海洋活動(dòng)的先天優(yōu)勢(shì),從這一角度可以肯定環(huán)境對(duì)于人類的行為造成的影響。其次,從美國(guó)海權(quán)思想誕生前后歷史時(shí)期的物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)與交換水平可以看到美國(guó)控制海洋能力的歷史性增長(zhǎng)。更重要的是,將馬漢的海權(quán)論中有關(guān)環(huán)境因素的分析加以比對(duì),可以揭示這一思想所受到的物質(zhì)環(huán)境的制約。本文將引入綜合國(guó)力分析以及海權(quán)與貿(mào)易關(guān)系的一份函數(shù)計(jì)算,以論證物質(zhì)環(huán)境與海權(quán)及其相關(guān)理論三者之間存在的互生關(guān)系。 從美國(guó)海權(quán)思想產(chǎn)生的意識(shí)形態(tài)基礎(chǔ)而言,美利堅(jiān)民族心理的兩重性是一個(gè)十分令人感興趣的問題。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)這一兩重性具有深厚的宗教淵源。從孤立主義和擴(kuò)張主義的兩種政治意識(shí)形態(tài)來看,它們各自對(duì)美國(guó)的海權(quán)思想產(chǎn)生了影響；此外,當(dāng)時(shí)海外意識(shí)形態(tài)傳播美國(guó)則從外部滲透了這一思想的形成過程。 從海權(quán)思想形成之后的實(shí)踐來看,首先需要對(duì)馬漢本人的海軍戰(zhàn)略的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行梳理,因?yàn)槠鋵?shí)質(zhì)被湮沒和散布在海戰(zhàn)史案例中而模糊不清。接下來則需要從歷史觀和專業(yè)兩個(gè)角度對(duì)馬漢的海軍戰(zhàn)略進(jìn)行批判,這是歷史繼續(xù)進(jìn)步之前必須的告別。從技術(shù)發(fā)展的角度,核時(shí)代美國(guó)海軍戰(zhàn)略的轉(zhuǎn)型是對(duì)馬漢理論的一次背離,而冷戰(zhàn)末期美國(guó)海軍戰(zhàn)略的重大調(diào)整則意味著馬漢在新時(shí)代條件下的回歸。 冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束導(dǎo)致美國(guó)海軍面臨的作戰(zhàn)對(duì)象、空間和樣式都發(fā)生了根本變化。在急劇變化而前,美國(guó)海軍戰(zhàn)略也必須進(jìn)行重大轉(zhuǎn)型,《由海向陸》是這一轉(zhuǎn)型的標(biāo)志。而《21世紀(jì)海上力量》的發(fā)表則意味著經(jīng)過“九一一”事件的沖擊之后美國(guó)海軍戰(zhàn)略的重新定位。2006年的《21世紀(jì)海上力量合作戰(zhàn)略》則是美國(guó)面臨國(guó)力衰退前景下的又一次戰(zhàn)略調(diào)整,期待通過責(zé)任外包以減輕國(guó)力負(fù)擔(dān),同時(shí)繼續(xù)維護(hù)美國(guó)的海上霸權(quán)地位。最后,2010年的海軍作戰(zhàn)構(gòu)想則是在全球金融危機(jī)之后,以中國(guó)為假想敵而制定的戰(zhàn)略構(gòu)想,雖然還不成熟,但是指向卻很明確。這反映美國(guó)對(duì)于自身的全球地位的一種焦慮情緒。 本文的的最后將對(duì)美國(guó)海軍戰(zhàn)略演變歷史背后的動(dòng)因進(jìn)行分析,從威脅及其認(rèn)知、沖突與戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和以及技術(shù)進(jìn)步的影響三個(gè)角度來解讀海軍戰(zhàn)略的歷史變化背后的邏輯,希望從中得到可資借鑒的結(jié)論。
[Abstract]:This study attempts to explain the causes of American maritime power thinking from the aspects of environmental factors and material conditions, as well as social culture and political ideology, that is, economic base and superstructure. Then, the dynamic factors behind the evolution are revealed from the historical changes of the naval strategy, which is the main practice of the sea power thought. The natural geographical environment of the United States gives it the inherent advantage of engaging in marine activities. From this point of view, the impact of the environment on human behavior can be confirmed. Secondly, the historical level of material production and exchange in the historical period before and after the birth of American maritime power thought can see the historical growth of American ability to control the sea. More importantly, by comparing the analysis of environmental factors in Mahan's theory of sea power, it can be revealed that this thought is restricted by the material environment. This paper will introduce the comprehensive national strength analysis and a functional calculation of the relationship between sea power and trade to demonstrate the mutual relationship between the material environment and sea power and its related theories. From the ideological basis of American maritime power thought, the dual nature of American national psychology is a very interesting issue. The study found that this duality has a deep religious origin. From the perspective of the two political ideologies of isolationism and expansionism, they have their own influence on the thought of sea power in the United States; in addition, at that time, the overseas ideology spread the formation process of this thought from the outside of the United States. From the practice after the formation of sea power thought, it is necessary to sort out the contents of Mahan's own naval strategy, because its essence is lost and scattered in the case of sea war history. Then there is a need to criticize Mahan's naval strategy from both a historical and a professional perspective, which is a necessary farewell before history continues to progress. From the point of view of technological development, the transformation of American naval strategy in the nuclear age is a departure from Mahan's theory, while the major adjustment of American naval strategy in the end of the Cold War means Mahan's return under the new era. The end of the Cold War brought about a fundamental change in the space and pattern of the US Navy's combat targets. Before the dramatic change, the United States Navy strategy must also undergo a major transformation, "from the sea to land" is the symbol of this transition. The publication of "Maritime Forces in the 21st Century" means the reorientation of the US Navy's strategy after the impact of the "September 11" incident. In 2006, the "Maritime Forces Cooperation Strategy for the 21st Century" is the prospect of the United States facing a decline in its national strength. For another strategic adjustment, We look forward to lightening the burden of national power by outsourcing our responsibilities, while continuing to maintain the maritime hegemony of the United States. Finally, the 2010 naval battle plan is a strategic idea based on China as an imaginary enemy in the wake of the global financial crisis, which is premature, but the direction is clear. This reflects a sense of anxiety about America's global standing. At the end of this paper, we will analyze the causes behind the evolution of the Navy's strategy, and interpret the logic behind the historical changes in the Navy's strategy from the perspectives of threat and cognition, conflict and war, and the impact of technological progress. I hope we can draw some conclusions from it.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：E712;D871.2
本文編號(hào)：2352637
[Abstract]:This study attempts to explain the causes of American maritime power thinking from the aspects of environmental factors and material conditions, as well as social culture and political ideology, that is, economic base and superstructure. Then, the dynamic factors behind the evolution are revealed from the historical changes of the naval strategy, which is the main practice of the sea power thought. The natural geographical environment of the United States gives it the inherent advantage of engaging in marine activities. From this point of view, the impact of the environment on human behavior can be confirmed. Secondly, the historical level of material production and exchange in the historical period before and after the birth of American maritime power thought can see the historical growth of American ability to control the sea. More importantly, by comparing the analysis of environmental factors in Mahan's theory of sea power, it can be revealed that this thought is restricted by the material environment. This paper will introduce the comprehensive national strength analysis and a functional calculation of the relationship between sea power and trade to demonstrate the mutual relationship between the material environment and sea power and its related theories. From the ideological basis of American maritime power thought, the dual nature of American national psychology is a very interesting issue. The study found that this duality has a deep religious origin. From the perspective of the two political ideologies of isolationism and expansionism, they have their own influence on the thought of sea power in the United States; in addition, at that time, the overseas ideology spread the formation process of this thought from the outside of the United States. From the practice after the formation of sea power thought, it is necessary to sort out the contents of Mahan's own naval strategy, because its essence is lost and scattered in the case of sea war history. Then there is a need to criticize Mahan's naval strategy from both a historical and a professional perspective, which is a necessary farewell before history continues to progress. From the point of view of technological development, the transformation of American naval strategy in the nuclear age is a departure from Mahan's theory, while the major adjustment of American naval strategy in the end of the Cold War means Mahan's return under the new era. The end of the Cold War brought about a fundamental change in the space and pattern of the US Navy's combat targets. Before the dramatic change, the United States Navy strategy must also undergo a major transformation, "from the sea to land" is the symbol of this transition. The publication of "Maritime Forces in the 21st Century" means the reorientation of the US Navy's strategy after the impact of the "September 11" incident. In 2006, the "Maritime Forces Cooperation Strategy for the 21st Century" is the prospect of the United States facing a decline in its national strength. For another strategic adjustment, We look forward to lightening the burden of national power by outsourcing our responsibilities, while continuing to maintain the maritime hegemony of the United States. Finally, the 2010 naval battle plan is a strategic idea based on China as an imaginary enemy in the wake of the global financial crisis, which is premature, but the direction is clear. This reflects a sense of anxiety about America's global standing. At the end of this paper, we will analyze the causes behind the evolution of the Navy's strategy, and interpret the logic behind the historical changes in the Navy's strategy from the perspectives of threat and cognition, conflict and war, and the impact of technological progress. I hope we can draw some conclusions from it.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：E712;D871.2
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