南極特別保護區(qū)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與影響因素研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-11-15 17:16
【摘要】：《南極條約》凍結(jié)了各國對南極的領(lǐng)土要求,但卻擋不住它們積極參與南極事務(wù)的腳步。自1966年以來,南極條約各協(xié)商國紛紛在南極大陸設(shè)立特別保護區(qū)。1991年“馬德里議定書”簽訂后,南極特別保護區(qū)進入了一個新的發(fā)展階段。不僅之前建立的各類保護區(qū)被統(tǒng)一更名為“南極特別保護區(qū)”,保護的內(nèi)容也從單一的生態(tài)環(huán)境價值擴大到包括生態(tài)環(huán)境價值、科研價值、歷史價值、美學價值、荒野形態(tài)價值等在內(nèi)的南極環(huán)境綜合價值體系。(由于到目前為止各國設(shè)立的特別保護區(qū)都在南極大陸,因此該體系覆蓋的范圍僅為南極大陸,暫不包括南大洋)。 本文首先客觀地分析了南極特別保護區(qū)所取得的進步以及存在的主要問題——諸如各國在設(shè)立特別保護區(qū)方面差距較大、科研活動與環(huán)境保護沖突、相關(guān)義務(wù)的履行得不到保障、非協(xié)商國和非締約國被排斥在南極特別保護區(qū)體系之外等。 之所以體系在演化的過程中既取得了一定的進步,又存在上述嚴重缺陷,是囚為既有促使其不斷向前進步的有利因素,又有阻礙這一進程的制約因素。有利因素包括：各項旨在保護南極環(huán)境和資源的制度、全球治理的發(fā)展、非政府組織的積極參與以及政府間進行的合作。總之,這些因素都極大地促進了南極特別保護區(qū)的發(fā)展。但同時,也有一些因素產(chǎn)生了相反的作用。例如,部分協(xié)商國由于各種原因而未深入?yún)⑴c特別保護區(qū)體系、相關(guān)制度的缺陷、南極條約體系的封閉性以及科考比環(huán)保更受重視等因素都對特別保護區(qū)的發(fā)展起到了制約的作用。 文章的最后一部分對南極特別保護區(qū)的發(fā)展、或者說如何逐步消除四項制約因素的影響、從而解決上文提出的主要問題,提出了四點建議：一是縮小各協(xié)商國在設(shè)立南極特別保護區(qū)方面的差距；二是在國際和國內(nèi)兩個層面同時完善南極環(huán)境保護相關(guān)法律制度；三是向非南極條約成員國開放特別保護區(qū)體系,使更多的國家能參與其中；四是堅持科學考察與環(huán)境保護相協(xié)調(diào),改變環(huán)境保護在各國南極活動中的地位。
[Abstract]:The Antarctic Treaty froze all countries' territorial claims to Antarctica, but could not stop them from actively participating in Antarctic affairs. Since 1966, the Antarctic Treaty Consultative countries have established special protected areas on the Antarctic continent in succession. After the signing of the Madrid Protocol in 1991, the Antarctic special protected areas have entered a new stage of development. Not only has the various types of protected areas previously established been renamed as "Antarctic Special Protection areas", but the content of protection has also expanded from a single ecological environmental value to include ecological environmental value, scientific research value, historical value, aesthetic value, The comprehensive value system of Antarctic environment including the value of wilderness form and so on. (since the special protected areas established so far are on the Antarctic continent, the system covers only the Antarctic continent, excluding the Southern Ocean for the time being.) This paper first analyzes objectively the progress made and the main problems existing in the Antarctic Special protected areas, such as the large gap between countries in the establishment of special protected areas, the conflict between scientific research activities and environmental protection, The implementation of related obligations is not guaranteed, and non-consultative and non-contracting parties are excluded from the Antarctic special protected area system. The reason why the system has made some progress in the process of evolution, but also has the serious defects mentioned above, is not only a favorable factor to promote its continuous progress, but also a restrictive factor that hinders this process. Positive factors include systems designed to protect the Antarctic environment and resources, the development of global governance, the active participation of non-governmental organizations and intergovernmental cooperation. All in all, these factors have greatly contributed to the development of the Antarctic Special Reserve. But at the same time, there are a number of factors that have the opposite effect. For example, some of the countries consulted had not been deeply involved in the system of specially protected areas for a variety of reasons, and the system was flawed, The closeness of the Antarctic Treaty system and the fact that scientific research is more important than environmental protection has restricted the development of special protected areas. The last part of the article is about the development of the Antarctic Special Reserve, or how to gradually eliminate the impact of the four constraints, thus solving the major problems raised above. Four suggestions were put forward: first, to narrow the gap between the consultative countries in the establishment of Antarctic special protected areas; The second is to improve the legal system of Antarctic environmental protection at the international and domestic levels at the same time, and the third is to open the special protected area system to non-Antarctic treaty members so that more countries can participate in it. Fourth, we should coordinate scientific investigation with environmental protection and change the position of environmental protection in the Antarctic activities of various countries.
【學位授予單位】：復旦大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D815
本文編號：2333936
[Abstract]:The Antarctic Treaty froze all countries' territorial claims to Antarctica, but could not stop them from actively participating in Antarctic affairs. Since 1966, the Antarctic Treaty Consultative countries have established special protected areas on the Antarctic continent in succession. After the signing of the Madrid Protocol in 1991, the Antarctic special protected areas have entered a new stage of development. Not only has the various types of protected areas previously established been renamed as "Antarctic Special Protection areas", but the content of protection has also expanded from a single ecological environmental value to include ecological environmental value, scientific research value, historical value, aesthetic value, The comprehensive value system of Antarctic environment including the value of wilderness form and so on. (since the special protected areas established so far are on the Antarctic continent, the system covers only the Antarctic continent, excluding the Southern Ocean for the time being.) This paper first analyzes objectively the progress made and the main problems existing in the Antarctic Special protected areas, such as the large gap between countries in the establishment of special protected areas, the conflict between scientific research activities and environmental protection, The implementation of related obligations is not guaranteed, and non-consultative and non-contracting parties are excluded from the Antarctic special protected area system. The reason why the system has made some progress in the process of evolution, but also has the serious defects mentioned above, is not only a favorable factor to promote its continuous progress, but also a restrictive factor that hinders this process. Positive factors include systems designed to protect the Antarctic environment and resources, the development of global governance, the active participation of non-governmental organizations and intergovernmental cooperation. All in all, these factors have greatly contributed to the development of the Antarctic Special Reserve. But at the same time, there are a number of factors that have the opposite effect. For example, some of the countries consulted had not been deeply involved in the system of specially protected areas for a variety of reasons, and the system was flawed, The closeness of the Antarctic Treaty system and the fact that scientific research is more important than environmental protection has restricted the development of special protected areas. The last part of the article is about the development of the Antarctic Special Reserve, or how to gradually eliminate the impact of the four constraints, thus solving the major problems raised above. Four suggestions were put forward: first, to narrow the gap between the consultative countries in the establishment of Antarctic special protected areas; The second is to improve the legal system of Antarctic environmental protection at the international and domestic levels at the same time, and the third is to open the special protected area system to non-Antarctic treaty members so that more countries can participate in it. Fourth, we should coordinate scientific investigation with environmental protection and change the position of environmental protection in the Antarctic activities of various countries.
【學位授予單位】：復旦大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D815
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