19-20世紀(jì)巴格達(dá)猶太社團(tuán)研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間:2018-10-29 09:14
【摘要】:中東城市是猶太文化的重要載體,猶太文明借此空間得以傳播擴(kuò)散。歷史上,猶太人曾為中東城市文明作出不可估量的貢獻(xiàn)。巴格達(dá)猶太社團(tuán)是中東歷史上存在時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)、社團(tuán)規(guī)模最大、影響最為深遠(yuǎn)的猶太人社團(tuán),該社團(tuán)曾長(zhǎng)期作為世界猶太教中心而存在。 19-20世紀(jì)是巴格達(dá)猶太社團(tuán)發(fā)展的重要?dú)v史時(shí)期。隨著奧斯曼帝國(guó)現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程的深入;大英國(guó)帝國(guó)影響力加深;與世界其他地區(qū)猶太人聯(lián)系日益密切,古老的巴格達(dá)猶太社團(tuán)經(jīng)歷了巨大社會(huì)變遷。英國(guó)委任統(tǒng)治后,巴格達(dá)社團(tuán)迎來了近千年歷史上少有的黃金期。人口自然增長(zhǎng)率猛增;職業(yè)選擇更為廣泛;教育程度迅速提高。然而,20世紀(jì)40年代末伊拉克反猶民眾浪潮持續(xù)高漲,擁有1300多年歷史的巴格達(dá)猶太社團(tuán)迅速退出了歷史舞臺(tái)。有鑒于19-20世紀(jì)在巴格達(dá)猶太社團(tuán)發(fā)展史中的重要性,本文在回顧巴格達(dá)猶太社團(tuán)近千年歷史的同時(shí),試從政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)與文化三方面論述19-20世紀(jì)巴格達(dá)猶太社團(tuán)在西方文明沖擊下發(fā)生的巨大變遷。最后揭示巴格達(dá)猶太社團(tuán)衰亡的原因。含緒論和結(jié)語(yǔ),文章共分七個(gè)部分進(jìn)行論述。 緒論部分,主要交代了本篇論文的研究?jī)r(jià)值和國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者關(guān)于本選題的研究狀況。論文指出,國(guó)外學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)中東地區(qū)伊斯蘭世界猶太社團(tuán)的研究起步較早,尤其是2003年伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后,西方學(xué)術(shù)界更是掀起了一股研究“伊拉克猶太人”的熱潮,諸多相關(guān)主題著作相繼問世,不過這些著作多集中宏觀歷史研究。此外,尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者在巴格達(dá)猶太社團(tuán)方面的專題著作、論文。 正文分為五部分。 第一部分主要探討了19世紀(jì)以前,猶太社團(tuán)在巴格達(dá)的建立與發(fā)展,并對(duì)19-20世紀(jì)巴格達(dá)猶太社團(tuán)的組織結(jié)構(gòu)、人口數(shù)量和職業(yè)分布等進(jìn)行了評(píng)述。論文指出早在公元245年以前,猶太社團(tuán)就已經(jīng)在巴格達(dá)地區(qū)建立。公元762年阿巴斯王朝遷都巴格達(dá)后,該社團(tuán)的歷史命運(yùn)與巴格達(dá)城的興衰緊密聯(lián)系在一起。19世紀(jì)坦齊馬特改革后,奧斯曼帝國(guó)恢復(fù)對(duì)伊拉克直接統(tǒng)治,在穩(wěn)定的城市環(huán)境下,巴格達(dá)猶太社團(tuán)得以復(fù)興并走向繁榮。社團(tuán)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層、慈善機(jī)構(gòu)、猶太教會(huì)堂共同構(gòu)成了這一時(shí)期巴格達(dá)猶太社團(tuán)的基本運(yùn)行組織。期間,社團(tuán)人口迅速上升,猶太人的職業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)變得更加廣泛,階層分化也更加明顯。 第二部分主要對(duì)19-20世紀(jì)巴格達(dá)猶太人的政治狀況進(jìn)行了論述。論文指出,隨著西方影響的加強(qiáng),奧斯曼帝國(guó)崩潰,英國(guó)委任統(tǒng)治以及伊拉克王國(guó)的建立,巴格達(dá)猶太人的政治地位獲得很大改善,伊拉克政府的一些公職開始向猶太人開放。此外,巴格達(dá)猶太人像世界其他地區(qū)的猶太人一樣開展了重建國(guó)家的猶太復(fù)國(guó)主義運(yùn)動(dòng),成立了各種組織,并為實(shí)現(xiàn)其政治目標(biāo)而奮斗。同時(shí),20世紀(jì)40年代起,伊拉克共產(chǎn)黨為眾多巴格達(dá)猶太青年提供了政治平臺(tái)。 第三部分對(duì)巴格達(dá)猶太人在商業(yè)、金融和國(guó)際貿(mào)易方面的狀況進(jìn)行了評(píng)述。指出在西方殖民主義沖擊下,當(dāng)伊斯蘭商人在商業(yè)、金融和國(guó)際貿(mào)易方面普遍衰落之時(shí),巴格達(dá)猶太人的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)卻依然非�;钴S。論文分析了巴格達(dá)猶太人在經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域較城市中其他民族團(tuán)體遭受西方消極影響較少主要得益于兩方面因素:一為巴格達(dá)猶太人在語(yǔ)言和教育等方面的優(yōu)勢(shì),使其成員很快成為西方在中東經(jīng)濟(jì)掠奪的代理人;二是巴格達(dá)猶太人與世界其他地區(qū)猶太人有著緊密的商業(yè)聯(lián)系,特別是遠(yuǎn)東猶太人。指出對(duì)本民族商業(yè)傳統(tǒng)的繼承;國(guó)際商貿(mào)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的重建以及西方殖民者對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)鬲q太人的認(rèn)同是促成這一時(shí)期巴格達(dá)猶太社團(tuán)經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的重要原因。 第四部分介紹了巴格達(dá)猶太人的文化活動(dòng)。指出面對(duì)西方文明的沖擊,巴格達(dá)猶太社團(tuán)表現(xiàn)出極強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)性。這一特征得益于現(xiàn)代教育在社團(tuán)中的引入以及繁榮的印刷出版事業(yè)和深厚的民俗文化。這些因素共同保證了巴格達(dá)猶太社團(tuán)在接受西方文明洗禮的同時(shí),避免了自身“猶太特質(zhì)”的流失。 第五部分分析了20世紀(jì)40年代末巴格達(dá)猶太社團(tuán)的流散原因。指出伊拉克高漲的民族主義運(yùn)動(dòng)、猶太復(fù)國(guó)主義的負(fù)面影響以及伊拉克政府對(duì)猶太人移民態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變是促成這一時(shí)期反猶活動(dòng)頻繁出現(xiàn),猶太人大量移居海外,直至社團(tuán)衰亡的重要原因。 結(jié)語(yǔ)部分,在簡(jiǎn)要回顧上述各章節(jié)內(nèi)容的同時(shí),指出猶太社團(tuán)作為巴格達(dá)城市母體的有機(jī)組織部分對(duì)城市安全、穩(wěn)定有著很強(qiáng)的依賴性。城市安全對(duì)少數(shù)族群社團(tuán)發(fā)展意義重大。
[Abstract]:The Middle East city is an important carrier of the Jewish culture, so that the Jewish civilization can spread the space. Historically, Jews have contributed to the Middle East city civilization. The Jewish community in Baghdad is the longest, largest and far-reaching Jewish community in the Middle East history, which has long been a Jewish community in the world. The 19th-20th century is the important history of the development of the Jewish community in Baghdad During the period, with the deepening of the modernization of the Ottoman Empire, the influence of the Great Britain Empire deepened, and with the Jewish ties in other parts of the world, the ancient Baghdad Jewish community went through a great society Change. After Britain's appointed rule, the Baghdad community welcomed the rare yellow in the history of the millennium Gold period. Population natural growth rate jump; career choice is wider; education level is rapid. However, in the late 1940s, the tide of anti-Semitic people in Iraq continued to rise, and the Jewish community in Baghdad, which had more than 1300 years of history, quickly withdrew from history On the stage, in view of the importance of the 19th-20th century in the history of the Jewish community in Baghdad, this paper tries to discuss the great progress of the Jewish community in Baghdad from 19 to 20 century under the impact of western civilization, while reviewing the history of the Jewish community in Baghdad. The last revelation of the decline of the Jewish community in Baghdad. Cause. With introduction and epilogue, the article is divided into seven parts. This paper deals with the research value of this paper and the scholars at home and abroad on this topic. The paper points out that the study of the Islamic world Jewish community in the Middle East has started earlier, especially after the war in Iraq in 2003, and the western academic circles have set up a wave of research 鈥淚raqi Jews鈥,
本文編號(hào):2297271
[Abstract]:The Middle East city is an important carrier of the Jewish culture, so that the Jewish civilization can spread the space. Historically, Jews have contributed to the Middle East city civilization. The Jewish community in Baghdad is the longest, largest and far-reaching Jewish community in the Middle East history, which has long been a Jewish community in the world. The 19th-20th century is the important history of the development of the Jewish community in Baghdad During the period, with the deepening of the modernization of the Ottoman Empire, the influence of the Great Britain Empire deepened, and with the Jewish ties in other parts of the world, the ancient Baghdad Jewish community went through a great society Change. After Britain's appointed rule, the Baghdad community welcomed the rare yellow in the history of the millennium Gold period. Population natural growth rate jump; career choice is wider; education level is rapid. However, in the late 1940s, the tide of anti-Semitic people in Iraq continued to rise, and the Jewish community in Baghdad, which had more than 1300 years of history, quickly withdrew from history On the stage, in view of the importance of the 19th-20th century in the history of the Jewish community in Baghdad, this paper tries to discuss the great progress of the Jewish community in Baghdad from 19 to 20 century under the impact of western civilization, while reviewing the history of the Jewish community in Baghdad. The last revelation of the decline of the Jewish community in Baghdad. Cause. With introduction and epilogue, the article is divided into seven parts. This paper deals with the research value of this paper and the scholars at home and abroad on this topic. The paper points out that the study of the Islamic world Jewish community in the Middle East has started earlier, especially after the war in Iraq in 2003, and the western academic circles have set up a wave of research 鈥淚raqi Jews鈥,
本文編號(hào):2297271
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