戰(zhàn)后至建國(guó)前美蘇對(duì)華政策演變研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-09-03 18:37
【摘要】：作為世界上具有重要國(guó)際地位和世界影響的大國(guó),中美俄之間的關(guān)系直接影響著國(guó)際格局的演變。為了更清楚的研究建國(guó)以后中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的外交政策。對(duì)建國(guó)前的中美蘇關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析和總結(jié)是十分有必要的。特別是抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)勝利后,在其對(duì)華政策的歷史特征基礎(chǔ)上,依據(jù)各自利益,戰(zhàn)后國(guó)際格局的發(fā)展以及中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)局勢(shì)的變化,美蘇兩國(guó)分別調(diào)整了其對(duì)華政策,并圍繞中國(guó)的東北、外蒙古、新疆問(wèn)題展開(kāi)激烈斗爭(zhēng),從而使得中國(guó)在1945年至1949年錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的遠(yuǎn)東國(guó)際格局中處于非常重要的地位。因此,將美蘇冷戰(zhàn)和國(guó)共內(nèi)戰(zhàn)相結(jié)合,從三國(guó)四方的視角對(duì)戰(zhàn)后至建國(guó)前美蘇與華關(guān)系進(jìn)行研究,有助于我們從國(guó)際背景中客觀正確的看待戰(zhàn)后中國(guó)革命的走向,國(guó)共雙方對(duì)外政策的轉(zhuǎn)變和新中國(guó)外交政策的選擇。 從歷史上看,沙俄注重對(duì)中國(guó)領(lǐng)土的擴(kuò)張與控制,蘇聯(lián)在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)繼承了這一特點(diǎn),但是美國(guó)更重視對(duì)華經(jīng)濟(jì)擴(kuò)張。1945年世界反法西斯戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的勝利改變了國(guó)際格局,出于保持中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)政治局勢(shì)和保證其在華利益及特權(quán)的目的,在《雅爾塔秘密協(xié)定》中,美蘇就中國(guó)問(wèn)題達(dá)成共識(shí),并劃分了兩國(guó)在遠(yuǎn)東的勢(shì)力范圍。隨后《中蘇友好同盟條約》的簽訂更是明確的在犧牲中國(guó)利益的基礎(chǔ)上,美蘇以國(guó)際法形式確立了他們?cè)谶h(yuǎn)東利益的劃分,并共同確立了援助‘蔣介石的中國(guó)’的對(duì)華政策。但是隨著戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的結(jié)束,美蘇呈現(xiàn)日益激烈的對(duì)抗,在中國(guó)問(wèn)題上,其共同援蔣政策也面臨危機(jī),特別是圍繞中國(guó)東北、外蒙古和新疆問(wèn)題,美蘇展開(kāi)激烈爭(zhēng)奪并分別調(diào)整其對(duì)華政策,與美國(guó)不同,蘇聯(lián)在中國(guó)東北給予中共更多的支持。雖然面對(duì)戰(zhàn)后中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)局勢(shì)的惡化,在莫斯科外長(zhǎng)會(huì)議上美蘇再次達(dá)成妥協(xié),美國(guó)并派出馬歇爾赴華調(diào)停國(guó)共矛盾,然而隨著美蘇對(duì)抗的加劇和中蘇矛盾的尖銳化,以蘇聯(lián)撤軍東北為標(biāo)志,美蘇共同援蔣政策宣告破裂。中國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)全面爆發(fā)后,敵視中共成為美國(guó)的基本對(duì)華政策,而與之鮮明對(duì)照的是蘇聯(lián)日益支持中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的中國(guó)革命,直至率先承認(rèn)新中國(guó),美蘇對(duì)華政策由此走向完全對(duì)立。因此新中國(guó)成立后,在美蘇冷戰(zhàn)的背景下,中國(guó)站在了以蘇聯(lián)為首的社會(huì)主義陣營(yíng)一方,堅(jiān)持“一邊倒”的外交方針,中蘇關(guān)系進(jìn)入了全面發(fā)展的新時(shí)期;而以拒絕承認(rèn)新中國(guó)為開(kāi)端,中美開(kāi)始了長(zhǎng)達(dá)二十余年的隔絕狀態(tài),直至1972年尼克松訪(fǎng)華,中美關(guān)系才走上了正�；缆�。
[Abstract]:As a big country with important international status and world influence, the relationship between China, America and Russia directly influences the evolution of international pattern. In order to more clearly study the foreign policy of the Chinese Communist Party after the founding of the people's Republic of China. It is necessary to analyze and summarize the relations between China and the Soviet Union before the founding of the people's Republic of China. In particular, after the victory of the War of Resistance against Japan, on the basis of the historical characteristics of its China policy, according to their respective interests, the development of the postwar international structure and the changes in China's domestic situation, the United States and the Soviet Union respectively adjusted their China policies. And the fierce struggle around Northeast China, Outer Mongolia and Xinjiang makes China in a very important position in the intricate international pattern of far East from 1945 to 1949. Therefore, combining the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union and the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, and studying the relations between the United States and the Soviet Union and China from the perspective of the three parties, will help us to objectively and correctly view the trend of the post-war Chinese revolution from the international background. The change of the foreign policy of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party and the choice of the foreign policy of the people's Republic of China. Historically, Czarist Russia paid attention to the expansion and control of China's territory. The Soviet Union inherited this feature within a certain period of time, but the United States attached more importance to economic expansion with China. The victory of the world anti-fascist war in 1945 changed the international pattern. In order to maintain China's domestic political situation and guarantee its interests and privileges in China, in the Yalta Secret Agreement, the United States and the Soviet Union reached a consensus on the issue of China and divided the two countries' spheres of influence in the far East. Subsequently, the signing of the Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between China and the Soviet Union made it clear that on the basis of sacrificing the interests of China, the United States and Soviet Union established the division of their interests in the far East in the form of international law, and jointly established the China policy of aiding Jiang Jieshi's China. However, with the end of the war, the United States and the Soviet Union became increasingly confrontational. On the issue of China, its joint aid to Chiang was also facing a crisis, especially around the issues of northeast China, Outer Mongolia and Xinjiang. Unlike the United States, the Soviet Union gave more support to the Communist Party of China in Northeast China. In the face of the deterioration of the domestic situation in China after the war, the United States reached another compromise at the Moscow Foreign Ministers' meeting, and the United States sent Marshall to China to mediate the contradictions between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. However, with the intensification of the US-Soviet confrontation and the sharpening of the contradiction between China and the Soviet Union, Marked by the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the Northeast, the United States and the Soviet Union broke up their joint aid policy with Chiang. After the outbreak of the Chinese Civil War, hostility to the CPC became the basic policy of the United States toward China. In contrast, the Soviet Union increasingly supported the Chinese revolution led by the Communist Party of China until it was the first to recognize the new China. Therefore, the US and Soviet Union's China policy is completely opposite. Therefore, after the founding of New China, under the background of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, China stood on the side of the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union and adhered to the "one-sided" diplomatic policy, and Sino-Soviet relations entered a new period of all-round development. With the refusal to recognize the new China as the beginning, China and the United States began a state of isolation for more than 20 years. It was not until Nixon visited China in 1972 that Sino-US relations embarked on the road of normalization.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：新疆師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D829
本文編號(hào)：2220825
[Abstract]:As a big country with important international status and world influence, the relationship between China, America and Russia directly influences the evolution of international pattern. In order to more clearly study the foreign policy of the Chinese Communist Party after the founding of the people's Republic of China. It is necessary to analyze and summarize the relations between China and the Soviet Union before the founding of the people's Republic of China. In particular, after the victory of the War of Resistance against Japan, on the basis of the historical characteristics of its China policy, according to their respective interests, the development of the postwar international structure and the changes in China's domestic situation, the United States and the Soviet Union respectively adjusted their China policies. And the fierce struggle around Northeast China, Outer Mongolia and Xinjiang makes China in a very important position in the intricate international pattern of far East from 1945 to 1949. Therefore, combining the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union and the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, and studying the relations between the United States and the Soviet Union and China from the perspective of the three parties, will help us to objectively and correctly view the trend of the post-war Chinese revolution from the international background. The change of the foreign policy of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party and the choice of the foreign policy of the people's Republic of China. Historically, Czarist Russia paid attention to the expansion and control of China's territory. The Soviet Union inherited this feature within a certain period of time, but the United States attached more importance to economic expansion with China. The victory of the world anti-fascist war in 1945 changed the international pattern. In order to maintain China's domestic political situation and guarantee its interests and privileges in China, in the Yalta Secret Agreement, the United States and the Soviet Union reached a consensus on the issue of China and divided the two countries' spheres of influence in the far East. Subsequently, the signing of the Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between China and the Soviet Union made it clear that on the basis of sacrificing the interests of China, the United States and Soviet Union established the division of their interests in the far East in the form of international law, and jointly established the China policy of aiding Jiang Jieshi's China. However, with the end of the war, the United States and the Soviet Union became increasingly confrontational. On the issue of China, its joint aid to Chiang was also facing a crisis, especially around the issues of northeast China, Outer Mongolia and Xinjiang. Unlike the United States, the Soviet Union gave more support to the Communist Party of China in Northeast China. In the face of the deterioration of the domestic situation in China after the war, the United States reached another compromise at the Moscow Foreign Ministers' meeting, and the United States sent Marshall to China to mediate the contradictions between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. However, with the intensification of the US-Soviet confrontation and the sharpening of the contradiction between China and the Soviet Union, Marked by the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the Northeast, the United States and the Soviet Union broke up their joint aid policy with Chiang. After the outbreak of the Chinese Civil War, hostility to the CPC became the basic policy of the United States toward China. In contrast, the Soviet Union increasingly supported the Chinese revolution led by the Communist Party of China until it was the first to recognize the new China. Therefore, the US and Soviet Union's China policy is completely opposite. Therefore, after the founding of New China, under the background of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, China stood on the side of the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union and adhered to the "one-sided" diplomatic policy, and Sino-Soviet relations entered a new period of all-round development. With the refusal to recognize the new China as the beginning, China and the United States began a state of isolation for more than 20 years. It was not until Nixon visited China in 1972 that Sino-US relations embarked on the road of normalization.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：新疆師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D829
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