本文選題：蒲安臣 + 合作��； 參考：《浙江師范大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：“合作政策”是19世紀(jì)60年代美國的對華政策,內(nèi)戰(zhàn)之后的休養(yǎng)生息終于使他能夠有余力去應(yīng)付覬覦已久的并尚未被各歐洲列強瓜分完畢的中國市場,清廷在同內(nèi)憂外患的對抗之中也不斷傾向于與外結(jié)合。美國抓住這個時機(jī),提出各西方列強與清廷聯(lián)合共同實行“合作政策”。 美國南北戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后終于解決了阻礙其資本主義發(fā)展的障礙,綜合實力上升使其終于可以拓展海外業(yè)務(wù)將目標(biāo)對準(zhǔn)東方亞洲尤其是中國,但要跟早已在中國影響甚深的英法等老牌資本主義大國硬拼還實力有限,為了擺脫追隨英法等國而發(fā)展出適合自己的獨立的外交政策,為了削弱列強在華影響而為自身在華利益作長遠(yuǎn)打算,美國制定了“合作政策”。而清政府自1840年鴉片戰(zhàn)爭以來清政府深知不是堅船利炮的對手,只有不斷與西方列強妥協(xié)、履約,到了太平天國時期,腐朽破落的封建王朝已經(jīng)岌岌可危,在叛亂面前孱弱不振,慈禧奕訴集團(tuán)為了權(quán)力發(fā)動“辛酉政變”,企圖“借師助剿”利用外國勢力結(jié)合起來鎮(zhèn)壓國內(nèi)農(nóng)民起義,以鞏固自己王朝的統(tǒng)治。而對歐美列強來說,大清帝國的統(tǒng)治穩(wěn)定才更有利于他們掌握對中國的控制以及謀取在華的利益。遂美國提出的“合作政策”正中列強、清政府下懷,中外各勢力遂聯(lián)合起來彼此協(xié)商談判合作,共同維護(hù)清廷政局以及列強各自在華利益。 美國19世紀(jì)60年代的駐華公使蒲安臣(Anson Burlingame)在“合作政策”的提出開展與推行的過程中起了重大的作用。是他帶著當(dāng)時美國國務(wù)卿西華德(Williams H.Seward)要求他與列強合作的指示來到中國,并在抵達(dá)中國后展開了一系列與清廷官員以及各西方列強外交的活動,經(jīng)過接觸和了解,對中國有了全新的認(rèn)識后,將西華德“合作”的理念發(fā)展成切實的政策,并融入了自己新的想法,最后在與西方列強等互相關(guān)照之后確定了“合作政策”的原則與范圍,在保證各國在華的既得利益以及商業(yè)機(jī)會均等的基礎(chǔ)上支持清政府,不干涉中國的領(lǐng)土主權(quán);合作是外國列強彼此之間的合作,也是西方列強與清政府之間的合作。 蒲安臣在“合作政策”得到美國政府的支持后便開始展開他對該項政策的實施過程,他在阿思本(Osborn)艦隊事件,白齊文(Burgevine)事件以及上海寧波的領(lǐng)土問題的處理中,充當(dāng)了清廷與列強之間的調(diào)解人,在雙方之間周轉(zhuǎn)斡旋,緩解了矛盾與沖突,使維護(hù)了清政府,也使列強不受損失,并使清廷對美國方面增加好感與信任,以致在蒲安臣任期截止將要回國之際受到清政府邀請,率領(lǐng)中國使團(tuán)出使西方國家的不情之請,以展示清統(tǒng)治者友好合作之意,蒲安臣為了“合作政策”能夠繼續(xù)發(fā)揮其效用,為了美國的長久利益,毅然接受使命,率中國使團(tuán)出訪了歐美十多國,在美國簽訂的《蒲安臣條約》繼續(xù)呼吁“合作政策”的效應(yīng),他所到訪的歐洲各國都表示贊成或支持“合作”,不僅顧及了中國的利益使清政府感到了滿意,削弱列強在華影響,更為美國的在華利益拓寬了門路。 “合作政策”是美國在19世紀(jì)承前啟后的過渡政策,繼承了傳統(tǒng)外交政策的和平原則,又開啟了新的“合作”階段,開始走上獨立的外交道路,它的“不干涉和破壞中國領(lǐng)土與內(nèi)政”為美國19世紀(jì)末期“門戶開放”政策“門戶開放,機(jī)會均等”打下了基礎(chǔ)。資本的擴(kuò)張性使美國既要增加自身的在華利益,又顧忌到實力強大的競爭對手歐洲列強,因此選擇既與清政府的合作又與西方列強合作的方法來既抵制歐洲國家的各種進(jìn)一步要求,又維護(hù)與增添自身在華的各種權(quán)益,實則削弱歐洲列強的對華影響,使中國對美國的好感倍升,令清朝統(tǒng)治者更加信任美國。這一政策就是在有權(quán)限地顧及清政府利益的同時,使美國在西方各國與清政府之間有回旋余地,搞外交均勢,保證中國對西方尤其是對美國的開放,使美國在華的既得利益得以維持,又通過雙向“合作”來攫取新的在華利益和特權(quán)。因此“合作政策”的本質(zhì)就是列強間達(dá)成一致,“合作”管理中國,從中謀取更多利益。所以雖然“合作政策”緩和了列強間的矛盾,照顧了清政府的利益,并使中國走上近代外交之路,但使美國獲得更多在華特權(quán),實際上加深了歐美列強對清政府的控制,因此不能否認(rèn)該政策所具有的侵略性質(zhì)。
[Abstract]:The "cooperation policy" was the American policy towards China in 1860s. After the civil war, the rest of the civil war finally made him able to cope with the long coveted Chinese market which had not been divided by the European powers. The Qing government, in the confrontation with internal and external problems, was constantly inclined to combine with the outside world. Fang Li Qiang and the Qing court jointly implemented the "cooperative policy".
After the end of the American Civil War, the obstacles that hindered the development of capitalism were finally solved. In the end, the comprehensive strength has made it possible to expand its overseas business and aim at East Asia, especially China, but it is limited to the old capitalist countries, such as Britain and France, which have already been deeply influenced by China, in order to get rid of the pursuit of British and French. In order to weaken the influence of the powers in China and make a long-term plan for its own interests in China, the United States has formulated a "cooperative policy". The Qing government, since the Opium War of 1840, has known that it is not the rival of the artillery, only to compromise with the Western powers and to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. During the period, the decadent and decadent feudal dynasty was in danger and was weak in the face of the rebellion. Ci Xi Yiwu group launched the "Xin unitary coup" for power. It attempted to combine foreign forces with foreign forces to suppress the domestic peasant uprising in order to consolidate his dynasty's rule. For the European and American powers, the ruling of the Great Qing Empire was stable. It is more conducive to their control of the China and seek interests in China. Then the United States proposed the policy of cooperation "middle powers, the Qing government's foreign forces then combined with each other to negotiate cooperation, and jointly safeguard the political situation in the Qing Dynasty and the powers of their interests in China.
Pu Anchen (Anson Burlingame), the American ambassador to China in 1860s, played a major role in the process of carrying out and carrying out the "cooperation policy". He came to China with the instructions of the United States Secretary of state Seward (Williams H.Seward), which asked him to cooperate with the powers, and began a series of Qing courts after arriving in China. After contact and understanding of the diplomatic activities of the Western powers and the Western powers, after a new understanding of China, the concept of Seward's "cooperation" was developed into a practical policy, and its new ideas were incorporated. Finally, the principles and scope of "cooperation policy" were determined after mutual consideration with the Western powers. China's basic equal vested interest and business opportunities on the support of the Qing government, not to interfere China territorial sovereignty; cooperation between foreign powers of mutual cooperation, but also between the Western powers and the Qing government cooperation.
Pu Anchen began his process of implementation of the policy after the "cooperation policy" received the support of the US government. He acted as the mediator between the Qing government and the powers in the handling of the Osborn fleet event, the Bai Qiwen (Burgevine) event and the territorial issues in Ningbo, Shanghai. The contradiction and conflict made the Qing government safeguard the Qing government, also made the powers not suffer the loss, and made the Qing government more good and trust in the United States, so that the Qing government was invited by the Qing government to lead the Chinese mission to the western countries on the occasion of his term of office, in order to show the friendship and cooperation of the rulers, and Pu Anchen for "cooperation". The policy "can continue to play its role and accept its mission for the long-term interests of the United States. The Chinese mission made a visit to the more than 10 countries of the United States and Europe, and continued to appeal for the" cooperation policy "in the pun Chen treaty, signed by the United States. All the European countries he visited expressed their approval or support for" cooperation ", taking into account not only the interests of China, but also the interests of China. The government felt satisfied, weakened the influence of the great powers in China, and widened the way for the interests of the United States in China.
The "cooperation policy" was the transition policy of the United States in nineteenth Century. It inherited the peace principle of traditional foreign policy and opened a new stage of "cooperation". It began to embark on an independent diplomatic path. Its "non interference and destruction of China's territory and internal affairs" was open to the "open door" policy of the late nineteenth Century. The expansion of capital makes the United States not only to increase its own interests in China but also to the strong rival European powers, so we choose to cooperate with the Western powers and cooperate with the Western powers to resist the various requirements of the European countries, and to maintain and increase the variety of their own in China. Rights, in fact, weaken the influence of the European powers on China, make China's good sense of the United States, and make the Qing rulers more confident in the United States. This policy is to make the United States in the western countries and the Qing government a leeway, to make a diplomatic balance between the western countries and the Qing government, and to ensure that China is especially to the United States to the west, and especially to the United States. As a result, the essence of the "cooperation policy" is to reach agreement between the powers, and to "cooperate" to manage China and gain more interests. So although the "cooperation policy" has eased the contradiction between the strong and the strong, it takes care of the Qing government. The government's interests, and make Chinese on modern diplomatic Road, but the United States get more privileges in China, deepening the Western powers for control of the Qing government, therefore cannot deny the nature of the policy of aggression.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D871.2

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