發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-06-13 22:09

  本文選題：英國 + 德國　； 參考：《首都師范大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：本文論述了1943年至1949年期間,英國政府如何制定、實(shí)施戰(zhàn)后處置德國的政策。本文尤其關(guān)注英國在二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束至冷戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)的期間,如何處理與蘇、美、法等主要國家在德國問題上的關(guān)系。 1943年下半年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)形勢(shì)對(duì)盟國愈加有利,各國開始考慮制定處置戰(zhàn)敗德國的政策,英國也開始相關(guān)方面政策的研究和討論。在關(guān)于肢解德國問題、戰(zhàn)后對(duì)德政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)改造問題、戰(zhàn)后對(duì)德軍事占領(lǐng)政策等方面,英國與美國、蘇聯(lián)進(jìn)行了會(huì)商,并且就以上問題達(dá)成了基本一致。 在1945年2月召開的雅爾塔會(huì)議和7月份召開波茨坦會(huì)議上,英國與蘇、美就戰(zhàn)后對(duì)德國政策進(jìn)行了商議。在這兩次會(huì)議上,雖然英、美、蘇三國在肢解德國、法國獲得在德國的占領(lǐng)區(qū)以及加入戰(zhàn)后對(duì)德管制體系等問題上達(dá)成了致,但是在賠款問題和戰(zhàn)后德國東部邊界的劃分問題上,英、蘇之間發(fā)生了激烈的爭(zhēng)吵。這兩次會(huì)議都達(dá)成了戰(zhàn)后對(duì)德政策的一些決議,但是由于三國存在著根本上的分歧,很多問題被擱置起來,這為之后德國的分裂埋下了隱患。 二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后對(duì)德管制委員會(huì)的建立,標(biāo)志著四大國對(duì)德國分區(qū)占領(lǐng)的開始。在英占區(qū)內(nèi),英國占領(lǐng)當(dāng)局面臨著經(jīng)濟(jì)問題和糧食危機(jī)。同時(shí),英國與美國、法國在對(duì)德政策上有很多不一致的地方需要協(xié)調(diào)；另外,英國與蘇聯(lián)在執(zhí)行德國賠款協(xié)議、加強(qiáng)東西占領(lǐng)區(qū)之間的物資和人員流通等問題上存在著嚴(yán)重的矛盾,但是由于二戰(zhàn)剛剛結(jié)束,英國不想立即在德國問題上與蘇聯(lián)決裂。 隨著戰(zhàn)后東西方冷戰(zhàn)的開始,在德國問題上,英國與蘇聯(lián)的矛盾更加激化,英國將蘇聯(lián)看成是對(duì)自身乃至整個(gè)西方最大的威脅。英國與美國為了實(shí)現(xiàn)占領(lǐng)區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化,將兩國的占領(lǐng)區(qū)合并為雙占區(qū)。英國不僅對(duì)建立雙占區(qū)態(tài)度積極,而且還考慮通過英美法三個(gè)西占區(qū)的合并來對(duì)抗蘇聯(lián)。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)西占區(qū)的合并,英國在與法國結(jié)盟的同時(shí),又與美國一起采用軟硬兼施的辦法,迫使法國將同意法占區(qū)合并進(jìn)來,并在1948年的倫敦六國會(huì)議上達(dá)成了西占區(qū)的合并協(xié)議。英國的這些政策和行動(dòng),進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)了德國的分裂,并激化了東西方在德國的對(duì)抗。 1948年倫敦六國會(huì)議后,蘇聯(lián)采取了激烈的反擊措施以應(yīng)對(duì)西方分裂德國的行動(dòng)。蘇聯(lián)政府試圖通過封鎖柏林的辦法來迫使西方延緩建立西德政府,并進(jìn)而將西方勢(shì)力趕出柏林。面對(duì)蘇聯(lián)的封鎖,英國一方面極力避免同蘇聯(lián)發(fā)生武裝沖突從而引起戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，另一方而對(duì)蘇采取強(qiáng)硬態(tài)度,堅(jiān)決留守柏林不撤退,并且勸說美、法與自己采取一致態(tài)度,保住西方對(duì)西柏林的控制。隨著美英對(duì)西柏林大規(guī)�？者\(yùn)的進(jìn)行,蘇聯(lián)看到了西方保衛(wèi)西柏林的決心,最終停止了對(duì)柏林的封鎖。此后,在英美等國的推動(dòng)下,聯(lián)邦德國(西德)政府在1949年9月份建立,至此,英國對(duì)德政策不再是從處置戰(zhàn)敗德國的角度出發(fā),而是要把西德建立成為反共、反蘇的前沿陣地。
[Abstract]:This paper discusses how the British government formulated and implemented the postwar policy on the disposal of Germany from 1943 to 1949. This article is particularly concerned about how Britain handled its relations with the Soviet Union, the United States, France and other major countries on the German issue during the period between the end of World War II and the outbreak of the Cold War. In the second half of 1943, the war situation became more favorable to the allies. Countries began to consider the policy of dealing with defeated Germany, and Britain began to study and discuss the relevant policies. On the issues of dismemberment of Germany, the political and economic transformation of Germany after the war, and the post-war policy of military occupation of Germany, Britain and the United States and the Soviet Union held talks and reached a basic agreement on the above issues. At the Yalta Conference in February 1945 and the Potsdam Conference in July, Britain and the Soviet Union and the United States deliberated on postwar German policy. At these two meetings, although Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union agreed on the issues of dismemberment of Germany, the acquisition of Germany's occupied territories by France, and joining the post-war system of control over Germany, But there was a bitter dispute between Britain and the Soviet Union over reparations and the postwar demarcation of Germany's eastern border. Both conferences agreed on postwar policy toward Germany, but many of the issues were shelved because of fundamental differences among the three countries, creating a hidden danger for the subsequent division of Germany. The establishment of the Council of Control over Germany after World War II marked the beginning of the partition occupation of Germany by the four great powers. In the British occupation area, the British occupation authorities are facing economic problems and food crisis. At the same time, the United Kingdom and the United States and France have many inconsistencies in their policies towards Germany. In addition, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union are implementing the German indemnity agreement. There are serious contradictions on the issues of strengthening the circulation of goods and people between the East and West occupied areas, but because World War II has just ended, Britain does not want to break away from the Soviet Union on the German issue immediately. With the beginning of the East and West Cold War after the war, the contradiction between Britain and the Soviet Union intensified on the German issue, and Britain regarded the Soviet Union as the greatest threat to itself and the whole West. In order to realize the economic integration of the occupied territories, Britain and the United States merged the occupied territories into double occupation areas. Britain not only took a positive attitude towards the establishment of dual occupation, but also considered the merger of the three western occupation areas of Anglo-American and French to counter the Soviet Union. In order to achieve the annexation of the Western Territories, the United Kingdom, while allied with France, and the United States, adopted a combination of soft and hard methods, forcing France to agree to the merger of the French occupation area. And at the London Conference of six countries in 1948, a merger agreement for the Occupy region was reached. These policies and actions of the United Kingdom further promoted the division of Germany and intensified the confrontation between East and West in Germany. After the London Conference of six in 1948, the Soviet Union took drastic measures to counter the West's actions to split Germany. By blocking Berlin, the Soviet government tried to force the West to delay the establishment of the West German government and drive the West out of Berlin. In the face of the Soviet blockade, Britain, on the one hand, tried to avoid armed conflict with the Soviet Union, thus causing war, and on the other side took a tough attitude towards the Soviet Union, resolutely staying in Berlin and not withdrawing, and persuading the United States that France would adopt a consistent attitude with itself. Keep Western control of West Berlin. The Soviet Union saw the determination of the West to defend West Berlin and ended the blockade as the United States and Britain carried out a massive airlift to West Berlin. Since then, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) government was established in September 1949 under the push of Britain and the United States. So far, the British policy towards Germany is no longer from the point of view of dealing with the defeated Germany, but to establish West Germany as an anti-communist country. A forward position against the Soviet Union.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：首都師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D856.1

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

1 蘭鵬;德波關(guān)系中的奧得-尼斯河邊界問題[J];德國研究;2002年01期

2 岳偉;;戰(zhàn)后魯爾問題與德國北萊茵-威斯特伐倫州的建立[J];德國研究;2009年01期

3 劉建飛;從戰(zhàn)后初期英國工黨的對(duì)蘇政策看冷戰(zhàn)的起源[J];當(dāng)代世界社會(huì)主義問題;1998年01期

4 田小惠;簡(jiǎn)析戰(zhàn)后德國分區(qū)賠償政策的執(zhí)行[J];國際論壇;2005年01期

5 田小惠;試析戰(zhàn)后德國戰(zhàn)敗賠償政策[J];世界歷史;2005年04期

6 黃亞紅;試論英國冷戰(zhàn)政策的形成（1944─1946）[J];世界歷史;1996年03期

7 韓長(zhǎng)青;;羅伯茨電報(bào)和英國對(duì)蘇政策方針的轉(zhuǎn)折(1946—1947)[J];歷史教學(xué)(高校版);2008年06期

8 徐軼杰;;淺談《英國內(nèi)閣檔案》[J];歷史教學(xué)(高校版);2009年04期

9 李世安;英國與冷戰(zhàn)的起源[J];歷史研究;1999年04期

10 司昆陽;;英國與冷戰(zhàn)[J];西歐研究;1987年03期

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 楊捷;美國在第一次柏林危機(jī)中的決策研究[D];華東師范大學(xué);2009年

，

本文編號(hào)：2015643