本文選題：聯(lián)合國 + 國際聯(lián)盟��； 參考：《西南政法大學》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：聯(lián)合國集體安全機制是國際社會為了探尋維護自身安全及維持國際秩序的方法而創(chuàng)設(shè)的一種保障機制，其目的是通過集體的強制手段保護所有的成員國不受任何侵略和破壞。本文梳理了從國際聯(lián)盟到聯(lián)合國集體安全機制的發(fā)展演變，在《聯(lián)合國憲章》項下指出了集體安全機制規(guī)定的不足以及由此帶來的影響，同時也從機制外分析了集體安全的現(xiàn)實困境，最后，針對出現(xiàn)的問題提出改革和完善建議。 本文第一部分主要介紹了集體安全機制的產(chǎn)生背景和定義。在分析了一戰(zhàn)結(jié)束前的國際格局和各國實現(xiàn)自身安全保障所采取的手段的基礎(chǔ)上，認為單個的力量并不足以保障自身安全，只有通過集體的手段才能維護國際和平與安全的思想開始萌芽。關(guān)于集體安全的定義，在比較了摩根索，凱爾森和約翰遜等對集體安全的有關(guān)學說后，認為集體安全是一種聯(lián)合戰(zhàn)略，即在一組國家組成的聯(lián)合中協(xié)議互不侵犯以及當一個國家受到其他成員國的進攻時采取集體相互保護的措施。 第二部分梳理了聯(lián)合國集體安全機制的歷史發(fā)展脈絡(luò)。從國際聯(lián)盟有關(guān)集體安全的理念及其實踐到《聯(lián)合國憲章》關(guān)于集體安全的具體規(guī)定及其實踐，認為由于國際聯(lián)盟盟約在制止戰(zhàn)爭的問題上存在漏洞，國聯(lián)大會和行政院的權(quán)力劃分不清，而且缺乏強制執(zhí)行措施，導致國聯(lián)未能起到維護集體安全的作用，坐視第二次世界大戰(zhàn)的爆發(fā)。而相較于國聯(lián)，聯(lián)合國集體安全保障在立法目的、組織機構(gòu)和制裁手段方面均更為具體和完善，這就促進了聯(lián)合國安理會在實踐中充分運用集體安全機制并且取得了一系列成效。 第三部分從聯(lián)合國安全機制的固有矛盾和現(xiàn)實困境兩個大的方面闡述了該機制存在的問題，認為固有矛盾主要包括和平與侵略的范疇界定不清，，大國一致原則的弱點，聯(lián)合國運行機制的不完全以及安全機制缺乏有力的制裁工具等。而現(xiàn)實困境方面，主要包括區(qū)域組織對聯(lián)合國安全機制的挑戰(zhàn)，國際關(guān)系中權(quán)力政治的現(xiàn)實制約以及成員國由于傳統(tǒng)主權(quán)觀的影響對該機制缺乏充分的信任。 第四部分主要圍繞聯(lián)合國集體安全機制的缺陷提出完善建議，認為可以從限制否決權(quán)的范圍，采用協(xié)商一致原則來完善否決機制，通過建立聯(lián)合國軍完善集體安全制裁機制，對軍隊的組建、指揮和軍費負擔提出了建議，此外，通過大國之間聯(lián)系與交流的加強及建立危機應(yīng)對機制以完善大國間的協(xié)調(diào)與制衡，最后，提出應(yīng)充分發(fā)揮區(qū)域性國際組織的作用以實現(xiàn)其和聯(lián)合國集體安全機制共同維護國際和平與安全的目的。
[Abstract]:The United Nations collective security mechanism is a safeguard mechanism created by the international community in order to find ways to maintain its own security and maintain international order. Its purpose is to protect all member States from any aggression and sabotage through collective coercive means. This paper reviews the evolution of the collective security mechanism from the League of Nations to the United Nations, and points out the shortcomings of the collective security mechanism under the Charter of the United Nations and its implications. At the same time, it also analyzes the practical dilemma of collective security from outside the mechanism, and finally, puts forward some suggestions for reform and perfection in view of the existing problems. The first part of this paper mainly introduces the background and definition of collective security mechanism. On the basis of an analysis of the international situation before the end of World War I and the means taken by various countries to achieve their own security, it is considered that individual forces are not sufficient to ensure their own security. The idea that international peace and security can be maintained only through collective means is beginning to sprout. With regard to the definition of collective security, after comparing Morgenthau, Kelsen and Johnson's theories on collective security, we think that collective security is a joint strategy. That is, in a group of countries in a joint agreement non-aggression and when a country under attack by other member States to take collective mutual protection measures. The second part combs the historical development of the United Nations collective security mechanism. From the League of Nations concept and its practice on collective security to the specific provisions of the Charter of the United Nations on collective security and its practice, considering that there are loopholes in the League of Nations covenants in the question of the suppression of war, The unclear division of powers between the Congress of the League of Nations and the Executive Yuan, as well as the lack of enforcement measures, led the League to fail to maintain collective security and to wait for the outbreak of World War II. Compared with the League of Nations, the United Nations collective security guarantees are more specific and perfect in terms of legislative purposes, organization and sanctions. This has promoted the UN Security Council to make full use of the collective security mechanism in practice and achieved a series of results. The third part expounds the existing problems of the United Nations security mechanism from two aspects: the inherent contradiction and the realistic dilemma. The inherent contradiction mainly includes the unclear definition of the categories of peace and aggression, the weakness of the principle of consensus of the great powers. The UN operation mechanism is incomplete and the security mechanism lacks the powerful sanction tool and so on. The realistic dilemma mainly includes the challenge of regional organizations to the United Nations security mechanism, the realistic restriction of power politics in international relations and the lack of trust in the mechanism by member States due to the influence of the traditional concept of sovereignty. The fourth part focuses on the shortcomings of the United Nations collective security mechanism. It holds that the veto mechanism can be improved by using the principle of consensus, and the collective security sanctions mechanism can be improved by the establishment of the United Nations military. Some suggestions are made on the formation, command and military burden of the armed forces. In addition, through the strengthening of contacts and exchanges among the major powers and the establishment of a crisis response mechanism, the coordination and checks and balances among the major powers are improved. Finally, It is suggested that the role of regional international organizations should be brought into full play in order to achieve the goal of joint maintenance of international peace and security between regional international organizations and the United Nations collective security mechanism.
【學位授予單位】：西南政法大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D813.2

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