冷戰(zhàn)后的美國對俄政策:從老布什到克林頓
發(fā)布時(shí)間:2018-05-11 16:12
本文選題:美國對俄政策 + 美俄關(guān)系 ; 參考:《中共中央黨校》2012年博士論文
【摘要】:冷戰(zhàn)后,美俄關(guān)系曾經(jīng)歷過一段短暫的“蜜月期”。在此期間,美俄兩國宣布不再視對方為敵人,宣稱兩國要構(gòu)建“成熟的戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系”。兩國在“戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系”的相互定位下,迅速在核裁軍談判和防核武器技術(shù)擴(kuò)散等諸多安全領(lǐng)域開展合作,美國也積極介入并推動俄羅斯國內(nèi)的民主化和市場化改革進(jìn)程。但隨著美國開始啟動北約東擴(kuò)進(jìn)程、介入獨(dú)聯(lián)體地區(qū)事務(wù),美俄之間齟齬和摩擦逐漸增多,兩國在諸多國際和地區(qū)安全事務(wù)上開始爭吵。隨著1998年俄羅斯金融危機(jī)的爆發(fā)、美俄之間援助資金丑聞的頻現(xiàn),俄羅斯人開始懷疑美國和西方指明的市場化改革道路是否符合俄羅斯的國情與國家利益。在1999年3月美國不顧俄羅斯的反對而對南聯(lián)盟進(jìn)行空中打擊后,美俄關(guān)系跌到冷戰(zhàn)后的冰點(diǎn)。而此時(shí)美國國內(nèi)開始質(zhì)疑俄羅斯是否已在西方化和民主化的道路上“脫軌”,要求調(diào)整對俄政策,,美俄關(guān)系也因此進(jìn)一步弱化。本文致力于通過綜合分析老布什和克林頓兩任美國總統(tǒng)對俄政策的宏觀戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)與微觀決策環(huán)境,嘗試對美俄兩國關(guān)系從“蜜月”到“摩擦”的轉(zhuǎn)變原因提供解答。在政策剖析過程中,筆者將注重考察老布什與克林頓對俄政策變化的原因與動機(jī),結(jié)合分析影響冷戰(zhàn)后美國外交與阻礙兩國關(guān)系發(fā)展的諸多要素,以求更清晰地定位冷戰(zhàn)后的美俄關(guān)系。 本文除導(dǎo)論和結(jié)語外,共分四章。 第一章主要剖析了老布什時(shí)期美國對蘇超越遏制戰(zhàn)略出臺的背景、內(nèi)容和實(shí)施過程中所發(fā)生的階段性變化。筆者認(rèn)為老布什提出超越遏制戰(zhàn)略是應(yīng)對戈?duì)柊蛦獭昂推焦荨钡囊环N被動性反應(yīng),美國并沒有為執(zhí)行此戰(zhàn)略做好充分準(zhǔn)備,其超越遏制戰(zhàn)略的實(shí)施實(shí)際上分為“試探”、“合作穩(wěn)定歐洲”與“合作穩(wěn)定蘇聯(lián)”三個(gè)階段。筆者對這三個(gè)階段進(jìn)行了簡要地論述,并指出老布什對蘇遏制戰(zhàn)略的本質(zhì)是一種冷戰(zhàn)勝利主義。 筆者在第二章主要探討了老布什對俄政策的主要動機(jī)、特點(diǎn)以及克林頓早期對俄政策的變化。老布什政府對俄政策繼承了對蘇政策保守和審慎的特點(diǎn);他本人信奉政治現(xiàn)實(shí)主義,主要關(guān)注地區(qū)安全和力量均衡,而對俄羅斯國內(nèi)的民主改革和經(jīng)濟(jì)援助顯得并不熱情。而克林頓信奉政治自由主義,認(rèn)為美國介入和支援俄羅斯內(nèi)部的政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型是可行、必要和緊迫的,且美俄的良好關(guān)系可以為美國集中力量恢復(fù)經(jīng)濟(jì)、推動軍工轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)創(chuàng)造良好環(huán)境。為此克林頓執(zhí)行了“葉利欽第一”和“俄羅斯優(yōu)先”政策。而這種政策趨向使得兩國“蜜月”氣氛更為濃厚。 第三章主要探討了美俄關(guān)系由“蜜月”到“摩擦”的演變過程以及克林頓對俄政策的兩次調(diào)整與對俄定位的變化?肆诸D政府提出《參與和擴(kuò)展戰(zhàn)略》表明美國進(jìn)入戰(zhàn)略擴(kuò)張階段,美國戰(zhàn)略擴(kuò)張的明確性與俄羅斯改革轉(zhuǎn)型的不確定性形成鮮明的反差,并最終促使克林頓對俄政策的調(diào)整。這一時(shí)期克林頓的對俄政策主要通過改造俄外圍戰(zhàn)略環(huán)境和繼續(xù)介入俄羅斯內(nèi)政的方式實(shí)現(xiàn)。但克林頓政府對俄羅斯地緣政治利益的忽視和損害、支持葉利欽掌權(quán)的功利性、口惠而實(shí)不至的經(jīng)濟(jì)援助促使俄羅斯開始質(zhì)疑美國的動機(jī);這導(dǎo)致兩國原本掩蓋的利益沖突逐漸激發(fā),兩國關(guān)系也至此進(jìn)入“摩擦期”。而美國國內(nèi)對俄羅斯外交行為變化的不滿以及懷疑俄羅斯轉(zhuǎn)型“脫軌”的聲音最終促成了克林頓對俄政策的進(jìn)一步調(diào)整,并導(dǎo)致兩國關(guān)系繼續(xù)弱化。筆者將對此次美國國內(nèi)辯論的焦點(diǎn)和深層次影響進(jìn)行分析。 第四章簡要探討了導(dǎo)致美俄關(guān)系弱化的深層原因和影響要素。筆者認(rèn)為,冷戰(zhàn)后美國的霸權(quán)護(hù)持和戰(zhàn)略擴(kuò)張傾向是限制兩國關(guān)系發(fā)展的體系性因素;美國“救世主”心態(tài)和俄羅斯“大國情結(jié)”的沖突是促成兩國關(guān)系摩擦的文化根源;美國在政策實(shí)踐中“理想主義”言辭和“實(shí)用主義”選擇的矛盾導(dǎo)致了俄羅斯懷疑美國對俄政策的真實(shí)動機(jī);俄羅斯對美國國內(nèi)政治過弱的影響能力、美國國內(nèi)多層面的“恐俄力量”是阻礙兩國關(guān)系深入發(fā)展的國內(nèi)因素。 論文的結(jié)語部分指出:美俄關(guān)系由“蜜月”到“摩擦”的主要責(zé)任者在美國,其理想主義包裹下的援俄行動并不能掩飾其從長遠(yuǎn)角度出發(fā)、限制和遏制俄羅斯崛起的深層動機(jī)。美國構(gòu)建單極世界的戰(zhàn)略訴求使其不能平等地對待俄羅斯,兩國關(guān)系的下滑也就不可避免。
[Abstract]:After the Cold War , the United States and Russia have experienced a brief honeymoon period . During this period , the United States and Russia have declared that the two countries should build up " mature strategic partnerships " . In the process of policy analysis , the United States has begun to question whether the U.S . and the Western - specified market - oriented reform road conforms to Russia ' s national conditions and national interests . In March 1999 , the United States has begun to question whether the U.S . and the Western - specified market - oriented reform road conforms to Russia ' s national conditions and national interests .
This paper is divided into four chapters except introduction and conclusion .
The first chapter mainly analyzes the background , content and the stage change of the United States during the Bush period . The author thinks that the strategy is a kind of passive reaction to the " peace offensive " of Gorbajo . The author points out that the implementation of the strategy is divided into " probing " , " cooperative stability Europe " and " cooperative stability of the Soviet Union " .
In the second chapter , the author mainly discusses Bush ' s main motives , characteristics and changes in Russia ' s policy .
He himself believed in political realism , mainly focused on regional security and balance of forces , and was not enthusiastic about democratic reforms and economic assistance in Russia . Clinton believed in political liberalism that the U.S . intervention and support for Russia ' s internal political and economic transformation were feasible , necessary and urgent , and that the good relations between the United States and Russia could help the U.S . concentrate its efforts to restore the economy and promote the transfer of arms to create a good environment .
The third chapter mainly discusses the evolution of American - Russian relations from " honeymoon " to " friction " and the changes of Clinton ' s two adjustments to Russia ' s policy .
This led to the gradual increase in the conflicts of interest that the two countries had previously concealed , and the relationship between the two countries has entered the " friction period " . The U.S . ' s dissatisfaction with the changes in diplomatic behavior in Russia and the question of the Russian transformation of " derail " ultimately led to the further adjustment of the Russian policy and the continued weakening of the relations between the two countries . The author will analyze the focus and the deep influence of the domestic debate in the United States .
The fourth chapter briefly discusses the deep causes and the influencing factors that lead to the weakening of the relationship between US and Russia . The author believes that the tendency of hegemony and strategic expansion in the United States after the cold war is to limit the systemic factors of the development of bilateral relations ;
The conflict between the " Saviour " mentality and the " big country complex " in the United States is the cultural root cause of the friction between the two countries .
The contradictions between " idealism " and " pragmatism " in American policy practice have led to Russia ' s doubts about the real motives of the United States for Russia ' s policy ;
Russia ' s influence on the domestic politics of the United States and the multi - level " fear of Russia " in the United States are the domestic factors that hinder the deep development of bilateral relations .
The conclusion part of this paper points out that the relationship between Russia and Russia is the main responsible person of " honeymoon " to " friction " . In the United States , the Russian - Russian action under its idealism can not conceal its deep motivation to limit and contain Russia ' s rise from the long - term perspective . The strategic appeal of the United States to build a unipolar world makes it impossible to treat Russia equally , and the decline of bilateral relations is inevitable .
【學(xué)位授予單位】:中共中央黨校
【學(xué)位級別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2012
【分類號】:D871.2
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