本文選題：雇傭軍 + 規(guī)范��； 參考：《外交學(xué)院》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：雇傭軍是指那些處于低程度國(guó)家控制以及沒(méi)有合理動(dòng)機(jī)的戰(zhàn)斗人員。雇傭軍在起始階段基本上是散兵游勇式的個(gè)人雇傭軍行為，后來(lái)國(guó)家禁止個(gè)人的雇傭軍活動(dòng)，采用“國(guó)家對(duì)國(guó)家”的商業(yè)行為方式，19世紀(jì)晚期公民軍隊(duì)成為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之后雇傭軍一度銷聲匿跡，直至20世紀(jì)60年代雇傭軍才又開(kāi)始在非洲出現(xiàn)，在90年代轉(zhuǎn)型為私營(yíng)軍事公司在國(guó)際舞臺(tái)上大顯身手。反雇傭軍使用規(guī)范起源于12至14世紀(jì)，其后經(jīng)歷了三次轉(zhuǎn)變，第一次是主權(quán)國(guó)家放棄與獨(dú)立雇傭軍合作并開(kāi)始使用常備軍，同時(shí)雇傭軍的國(guó)際交換成為“國(guó)家對(duì)國(guó)家”的商業(yè)形式，，第二次是主權(quán)國(guó)家停止“國(guó)家對(duì)國(guó)家”的雇傭軍貿(mào)易，只讓本國(guó)公民加入軍隊(duì)，反雇傭軍使用規(guī)范在這個(gè)階段實(shí)質(zhì)上已經(jīng)內(nèi)化，第三次是在20世紀(jì)60年代，國(guó)際社會(huì)制定規(guī)制雇傭軍使用的國(guó)際法。雖然反雇傭軍使用規(guī)范很強(qiáng)大，但由于法律中高度強(qiáng)調(diào)非洲國(guó)家的利益、強(qiáng)規(guī)范可能產(chǎn)生弱國(guó)際法以及反雇傭軍使用規(guī)范與其他規(guī)范相沖突等原因，反雇傭軍使用的國(guó)際規(guī)制體系很不完善且效力有限。
[Abstract]:Mercenaries are combatants who are in low state control and have no reasonable motivation. Mercenaries were, at the outset, essentially individual mercenary acts in the form of scattered soldiers, and subsequently the State prohibited individual mercenary activities. The use of "State-to-State" commercial practices and the disappearance of mercenaries in the late 19th century, when civil armies became the norm, did not begin to emerge in Africa until the 1960s, In the 1990 s, it was transformed into a private military company with a strong presence on the international stage. The norm against the use of mercenaries originated in the 12th to 14th centuries and has undergone three subsequent transformations, the first of which was the abandonment by sovereign States of cooperation with independent mercenaries and the beginning of the use of standing forces. At the same time, the international exchange of mercenaries has become a commercial form of "State-to-State", the second time when sovereign States stop the "State-to-State" mercenary trade and only allow their citizens to join the army. The anti-mercenary norms have been internalized in essence at this stage, and the third time was in the 1960s, when the international community formulated the international law to regulate the use of mercenaries. Although the norm against the use of mercenaries is very strong, due to the high emphasis placed on the interests of African States in the law, strong norms may give rise to weak international law and conflict between the norms on the use of mercenaries and other norms, The international system of anti-mercenary use is imperfect and limited.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：外交學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D815

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