本文選題：對外援助 + 美國中亞政策��； 參考：《復(fù)旦大學》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：對外援助興起是戰(zhàn)后國際關(guān)系的重大變化,也是美國外交政策的重要改革。它能從多個方面維護和促進美國的海外利益。冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后,美國逐步介入中亞事務(wù)并最終成為能夠影響中亞事務(wù)的主要參與者之一。在這個過程中,對外援助作為美國中亞政策的工具發(fā)揮了重要作用,但總的來說,其影響較為有限。本文圍繞美國對中亞援助的動機、美國對中亞援助的規(guī)劃、美國對中亞援助的實施、美國對中亞援助的結(jié)構(gòu),以及美國對中亞援助的影響等主題對冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后美國對中亞的援助政策做了較為全面的論述,并著重從援助競爭角度分析了美國對中亞援助政策效力有限的問題。 論文首先從定義、種類、性質(zhì)等方面入手闡述了對外援助的基本內(nèi)涵,隨后對援助動機、援助運作、援助效力這三個對外援助研究的重點問題進行了討論。試圖通過概括、比較學者們對這三個問題的研究成果,一方面確定本文研究的主要問題范疇,一方面建立本文分析論述所遵循的基本路徑。就援助動機來說,主要存在于政治、經(jīng)濟和人道主義領(lǐng)域的利己、利他動機構(gòu)成了民族國家從事對外援助活動的基本動力；就援助運作來說,援助激勵和援助懲罰是主權(quán)國家利用援助促進國家利益的主要機制；就援助效力來說,援助效力評價是爭議頗多的問題,援助政策效力的發(fā)揮要受體系、國家和次國家層次因素的影響。文章通過概括梳理對外援助的基本內(nèi)涵及有關(guān)理論要點構(gòu)筑起本文研究所依賴的概念共識。 冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后美國向中亞國家提供援助的動機主要存在于政治、經(jīng)濟層次,同時還存在于人道主義層次。美國對中亞援助的政治動機主要包括推動中亞的政治轉(zhuǎn)型、應(yīng)對來自中亞的安全挑戰(zhàn)、開發(fā)中亞的戰(zhàn)略價值等方面；美國對中亞援助的經(jīng)濟動機主要包括引導(dǎo)中亞建立自由市場體制、促進中亞社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、在中亞追求現(xiàn)實的商業(yè)利益等方面；美國對中亞援助的人道主義動機主要包括緩解中亞的社會困境、生態(tài)環(huán)境災(zāi)害等方面。相比之下,政治經(jīng)濟領(lǐng)域的利益目標是促使美國援助中亞國家的主要原因,人道主義動機雖起作用但地位相對次要。它們共同組成了推動美國向中亞國家提供援助的多元化動機體系。 美國在多元動機的驅(qū)使下制定和實施了對中亞國家的援助政策。美國對中亞國家的援助框架主要由經(jīng)濟援助和軍事援助構(gòu)成,同時還包括少量其他援助。在美國規(guī)劃推行對中亞經(jīng)濟援助、軍事援助政策的過程中一直面臨著內(nèi)外部“援助競爭”問題。內(nèi)部的援助競爭主要表現(xiàn)在執(zhí)行管理美國對中亞援助的行政機構(gòu)之間,以及立法機構(gòu)與美國對中亞援助執(zhí)行管理機構(gòu)之間；外部的援助競爭主要表現(xiàn)在援助國美國和中亞受援國之間、援助國美國與其他援助主體之間。存在于四個層次的援助競爭是塑造美國對中亞援助政策的基本背景。冷戰(zhàn)后美國對中亞援助政策的制定實施都離不開這四種援助競爭的影響。美國對中亞經(jīng)濟援助和軍事援助作為外交政策工具支持美國介入中亞事務(wù),其援助的重點領(lǐng)域、政策的變化調(diào)整等都很難能擺脫多層次援助競爭格局對它們的束縛。 冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后美國對中亞國家實施經(jīng)濟和軍事援助的影響主要表現(xiàn)在政治經(jīng)濟制度轉(zhuǎn)型、社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、地區(qū)安全穩(wěn)定、地緣政治競爭,以及美國經(jīng)濟收益等領(lǐng)域。從援助國受援國雙方互動的角度看,美國對中亞援助不僅影響美國的國家利益,還影響中亞受援國的國家利益。當然,不管對援助國美國還是對中亞受援國而言,援助影響均分為積極和消極兩種。由于美國與中亞受援國雙方在援助互動中所處的權(quán)力地位不同,美國大多數(shù)時候占據(jù)了主導(dǎo)地位。因此,它比中亞受援國利用援助追求利益的能力要強。但是,在援助目標之間的沖突性、援助部門之間的競爭性、供需訴求之間的差異性,以及多元援助之間的替代性等因素的共同制約下,援助工具在美國推進中亞政策的過程中作用就較為有限。
[Abstract]:The rise of foreign aid is a major change in the post - war international relations and an important reform of the U.S . foreign policy . After the end of the Cold War , the United States has played an important role as a tool in Central Asia policy , but overall it has a limited impact . In this process , the United States has made a more comprehensive discussion about the US aid to Central Asia , the United States ' assistance to Central Asia , the United States ' assistance to Central Asia , and the United States ' assistance to Central Asia .

Firstly , this paper discusses the basic connotation of foreign aid from the aspects of definition , type and nature , and then discusses the key problems of aid motivation , aid operation and aid effectiveness .
In terms of aid operations , aid incentives and aid penalties are key mechanisms for sovereign States to use aid to promote national interests ;
In terms of aid effectiveness , aid effectiveness evaluation is a controversial issue . The effectiveness of aid policy is influenced by systemic , national and subnational factors .

The motives of the United States providing assistance to the Central Asian countries after the end of the cold war mainly exist in the political , economic and humanitarian levels . The United States ' political motives for the assistance of Central Asia mainly include the promotion of the political transition in Central Asia , the security challenges from Central Asia and the strategic value of the development of Central Asia ;
The United States economic motivation for Central Asia assistance mainly includes guiding the establishment of free market system in Central Asia , promoting the social and economic development of Central Asia , and pursuing realistic business interests in Central Asia ;
The United States ' humanitarian motives for Central Asia assistance include , inter alia , the alleviation of the social plight of Central Asia , environmental disasters , etc . In contrast , the interests of the political and economic sphere are the main reasons for the United States to assist the Central Asian States , although their role is relatively minor . Together they form a multi - motivation system that will facilitate the assistance provided by the United States to the Central Asian States .

The United States has developed and implemented aid policies for Central Asian countries under the drive of multiple motives . The United States ' assistance to the Central Asian countries is mainly composed of economic assistance and military assistance , with a small amount of other assistance . In the United States planning to implement the policy of economic assistance and military assistance in Central Asia , there has been a problem of internal " assistance competition " . Internal assistance competition is mainly reflected in the implementation of the United States administration of assistance to Central Asia , as well as between legislative bodies and the United States of the United States for Central Asia assistance ;
The external assistance competition is mainly between the United States of the donor countries and the recipient countries of Central Asia , between the United States of the donor country and other aid entities . The existence of aid competition in the four levels is the basic background of shaping the United States ' assistance policy towards Central Asia . The United States ' implementation of the Central Asia assistance policy in the aftermath of the cold war is inseparable from the impact of the four aid competition . The United States ' assistance to Central Asia ' s economic assistance and military assistance as a foreign policy tool supports the United States involvement in Central Asian affairs , the focus areas of its assistance , and changes in policies , etc . It is difficult to get rid of the constraints of the multi - level assistance competition pattern .

The impact of the United States on the implementation of economic and military assistance to Central Asian countries after the end of the cold war is mainly in the areas of political and economic system transformation , socio - economic development , regional security and stability , geopolitical competition , and U.S . economic benefits .

【學位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D871.2

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 周作宇;;國家語言戰(zhàn)略與高等教育國際化[J];中國高教研究;2013年06期

相關(guān)碩士學位論文 前1條

1 王靖懿;冷戰(zhàn)后美國對外軍事援助的變化及原因探析[D];南京大學;2013年

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本文編號：1775865