發(fā)布時間：2018-04-08 10:30

  本文選題：美國　切入點：出口管制　出處：《外交學(xué)院》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：出口管制是指一個國家對于其國內(nèi)公司和個人的出口申請依據(jù)國家的法律和政策進行審議和控制的行為。國家一般出于貫徹外交政策、維護國家安全、保護經(jīng)濟利益及保護環(huán)境等原因，對軍品、兩用品及大規(guī)模殺傷性武器進行管制，管制的方式主要包括建立多邊防擴散機制、完善國家出口管制體系以及建立企業(yè)內(nèi)部自律機制等。 美國出口管制的歷史悠久，最早可追溯到獨立戰(zhàn)爭時期，二戰(zhàn)后建成體系并沿用至今。為加強出口管制，美國制定了大量的法律，并由國務(wù)院、商務(wù)部、能源部、財政部、國防部等不同的行政部門分擔(dān)執(zhí)行。鑒于出口管制體系不能適應(yīng)新的要求，2009年8月，奧巴馬政府開始對美國的出口管制系統(tǒng)改革。改革的主要目標是大幅減少管控物項，對更具有技術(shù)敏感性的物項實施更加嚴格的管控。改革的內(nèi)容包括“四個統(tǒng)一”，即統(tǒng)一出口管制清單、統(tǒng)一出口管制許可機構(gòu)、統(tǒng)一出口管制執(zhí)法機構(gòu)以及統(tǒng)一信息技術(shù)系統(tǒng)。政府為改革制定了“三步走”的改革進程，目前《軍品清單》中的大部分物項已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到《商業(yè)控制清單》中，統(tǒng)一的出口管制協(xié)調(diào)機構(gòu)已經(jīng)建立，有關(guān)部門正在有序接入統(tǒng)一的IT系統(tǒng)。此次出口管制改革的思路清晰，重點突出，惠及盟國，引發(fā)了西方國家聯(lián)動反應(yīng)，但其前景仍不明朗。 在此次改革中，中國仍是重點關(guān)注的對象，對中國的管制更加嚴厲，不利于擴大中美雙邊貿(mào)易，，對中國企業(yè)出口和創(chuàng)新能力會造成一定的沖擊。政府、研究機構(gòu)和企業(yè)等主體應(yīng)利用改革仍在進行之中的契機，采取措施，爭取改革向有利于中國的方向發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:Export control refers to the behavior that a country considers and controls the export applications of its domestic companies and individuals according to the national laws and policies.Generally speaking, for reasons such as implementing foreign policy, safeguarding national security, protecting economic interests and protecting the environment, the state exercises control over military products, dual-use goods and weapons of mass destruction. The main means of control include the establishment of a multilateral non-proliferation mechanism.Perfect the national export control system and establish the internal self-discipline mechanism of enterprises.American export controls have a long history, dating back to the Revolutionary War, the system was built after World War II and is still in use.To strengthen export controls, the United States has enacted a large number of laws, and the State Department, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Energy, the Treasury, the Department of Defense and other different administrative departments share enforcement.The Obama administration began reforming the U.S. export control system in August 2009, as the export control system failed to meet new requirements.The main objective of the reform is to significantly reduce the number of controlled items and to impose stricter controls on more technologically sensitive items.The reform includes "four unifications", namely, the harmonization of export control lists, the harmonization of export control licensing agencies, the unification of export control enforcement agencies and the unification of information technology systems.The government has developed a "three-step" reform process for the reform. At present, most of the items in the military products list have been transferred to the Commercial Control list, and a unified export control coordination body has been established.The departments concerned are accessing the unified IT system in an orderly manner.The idea of the export control reform is clear and focused, benefiting the allies and triggering a concerted Western reaction, but the prospects remain unclear.China remains the focus of the reform. Tougher controls on China are not conducive to expanding bilateral trade between China and the United States, and will have an impact on Chinese companies' export and innovation capabilities.The government, research institutions and enterprises should take advantage of the opportunity that the reform is still going on and take measures to develop the reform in favor of China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：外交學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D871.2

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 李恒陽;美國不擴散出口管制政策分析[D];外交學(xué)院;2006年

本文編號：1721216