本文關鍵詞： 美國 薩爾瓦多 對外政策 游擊隊　出處：《陜西師范大學》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：薩爾瓦多是中美洲最小的國家。1979年7月尼加拉瓜桑地諾革命成功之后,其境內的游擊隊活動也進一步活躍起來,游擊隊和左派分子聯合起來成立革命聯盟,聯合起來反對軍政府統治,在游擊隊的強大攻勢之下,薩政府搖搖欲墜。為了保住親美的薩政府,防止游擊隊奪權建立親蘇政府,從卡特總統起,美國采取支持薩政府,在經濟、軍事、政治和外交上給予薩爾瓦多政府援助,幫助薩政府剿滅境內的游擊隊勢力的政策。在卡特總統和里根總統時期,盡管美國人力支持薩爾瓦多政府打內戰(zhàn),但是由于種種原因,薩政府始終沒能消滅其境內的游擊隊組織。在布什總統時期,隨著冷戰(zhàn)走向尾聲,國際形勢趨于緩和,美國開始支持談判解決薩國內戰(zhàn)問題,最終使游擊隊放下武器,加入到政府政治進程中,再次把薩爾瓦多納入美國的戰(zhàn)略秩序之中。目前,國內對這一問題的研究相對比較薄弱。本人試圖就卡特、里根和布什三任總統對薩爾瓦多的政策進行較為全面、客觀的分析和梳理,揭示美國支持薩爾瓦多政府內戰(zhàn)的真實目的。 本文由緒言、正文、結論組成,其中正文分為四個部分。 緒言介紹了國內外學術界對本課題的研究現狀,并概述了本文選題的學術價值和意義。 正文： 第一部分,主要概述了1979年之前薩爾瓦多的歷史發(fā)展脈絡和美國與薩爾瓦多的關系。作為一個中美洲小國,薩爾瓦多對于美國來說經濟利益非常有限,除非發(fā)生政治動蕩影響到美國的切身利益,美國才會關注。否則很少引起美國的關注,美國只是在政治上扶植親美的軍政府來維護自己的利益。尼加拉瓜革命之后,美國開始擔心尼加拉瓜革命勢頭會蔓延到薩爾瓦多,不得人心的軍政府統治會被游擊隊推翻,開始關注薩爾瓦多革命形勢。 第二部分,具體論述了卡特政府對薩爾瓦多的政策。在薩爾瓦多內戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)之初,卡特實施“人權外交”政策,以終止軍事援助為條件要挾軍政府作出政治改革,進行人選,減少濫殺,通過這種方式緩解政府和人眾之間緊張的關系,鏟除游擊隊存在的士壤。當游擊隊實力日趨強人,內戰(zhàn)愈演愈烈,薩政府無力招架之時,卡特政府意識到“人權外交”政策已經失敗,便恢復了對政府的軍事經濟援助,積極幫助薩政府打內戰(zhàn)。 第三部分,具體論述了里根政府對薩爾瓦多的政策。里根上臺之后,推出“低烈度戰(zhàn)爭”戰(zhàn)略,在軍事、經濟、政治和外交等多方面支持薩爾瓦多政府,積極援助薩政府鎮(zhèn)壓游擊隊。但由于薩政府在里根政府的支持下拒絕與游擊隊和談,游擊隊在農村仍有群眾基礎,里根政府未能實現剿滅游擊隊的目的。 第四部分,具體論述了布什政府對薩爾瓦多的政策。布什上臺之時,國際局勢發(fā)生巨大變化,柏林墻倒塌,東歐劇變,冷戰(zhàn)走向結束,蘇聯從中美洲地區(qū)戰(zhàn)略收縮。布什政府借助這一有利形勢,使用“和平、民主”的手段,推動政府和游擊隊和談,迫使游擊隊放下武器,加入到現有的政治進程中。困擾美國12年之久的薩爾瓦多內戰(zhàn)問題得到解決。 第五部分,論述卡特、里根和布什政府對薩爾瓦多政策的異同及美國對薩爾瓦多政策的影響。筆者認為,在不同時期,美國的三任總統對薩爾瓦多的政策不盡相同,但目標是一致的。他們制定的對薩爾瓦多的政策都是為了維護美國的利益,維護美國在這一地區(qū)的霸權,防止薩爾瓦多出現有悖于美國價值觀的政權。 另外,美國對中美洲小國薩爾瓦多的過度關注,也對其外交環(huán)境產生不利的影響。造成美國與拉美國家關系的緊張,西歐國家也對美國過度關注薩爾瓦多不滿。同時,薩爾瓦多問題也對美國國內政治產生一定的影響。
[Abstract]:Salvatore is the smallest country in America.1979 Nicaragua in July after the success of the Sandinista revolution, the guerrillas within the activities are more active, leftist guerrillas and unite the establishment of the Revolutionary Alliance, United against the military government, under the strong offensive guerrillas, the SA government tottered. In order to keep the pro american government SA to prevent the guerrillas to seize power, the establishment of a pro Soviet government, from President Carter, the United States to support the SA government in economic, military, political and diplomatic, to give Salvatore government aid to help domestic SA government destroy the guerrilla forces policy. President Carter and President Reagan, although the United States is human support for the Salvatore government to fight the civil war however, due to various reasons, the government failed to eliminate the guerrillas within the organization. In the period of Bush, with the cold war towards the end, international The situation is easing, the United States began to support negotiations to solve the problem in the end, the civil war, the guerrillas lay down their arms, to join the government's political process, again put Salvatore into America's strategic order. At present, the domestic research on this problem is relatively weak. The people trying to Carter, the three President Reagan and Bush policy Salvatore is more comprehensive, objective analysis and carding, revealing the real purpose of the United States to support the Salvatore administration's civil war.
This paper is composed of introduction, text, conclusion, the text is divided into four parts.
The preface introduces the domestic and foreign academic research on the status quo of this research, and summarizes the academic value and significance.
Text:
The first part mainly outlines the historical development of Salvatore before 1979 and America's relationship with Salvatore. As a small central Salvatore for the United States economic benefits is very limited, unless there is political unrest affect U.S. interests, the United States will concern. The United States is the political concern, supporting Pro the United States military government to safeguard their own interests in Nicaragua. After the revolution, the United States began to worry that Nicaragua revolution will spread to Salvatore, the military government will not enjoy popular support guerrillas to overthrow, Salvatore began to focus on the situation of the revolution.
The second part discusses the specific policies of the Carter administration to Salvatore. Salvatore at the beginning of the civil war, Carter implementation of the "human rights diplomacy" policy to end military aid to the military government to coerce conditions of political reform, for candidates, reduce the killing, ease the tension of the relationship between the government and the people in this way, the eradication of the guerrillas there is a taxi. When soil guerrillas strength is more powerful, the war intensified, the SA government unable to parry when the Carter government is aware of the "human rights diplomacy" policy has failed, he returned to the government's military and economic assistance, and actively help the government's civil war.
The third part discusses the specific policies of the Reagan administration to Salvatore. After Reagan took office, launched the "low intensity warfare" strategy, in the military, economic, political and diplomatic support and other aspects of the Salvatore administration, actively cooperate with the government to suppress guerrilla aid. But because the SA government refused to negotiate with the guerrillas in Reagan under the support of the government the guerrillas still have mass base in rural areas, the Reagan government failed to achieve the purpose of destroying guerrillas.
The fourth part discusses the specific policies of the Bush administration to Salvatore. When Bush came into power, great changes took place in the international situation, the collapse of the Berlin wall, toward the end of the cold war in Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, from the Americas strategic contraction. The Bush administration with this favorable situation, the "peace and democracy" means, promote the government and the guerrilla talks, forced the guerillas to lay down their arms, to join the political process. The existing problems of American Civil War Salvatore 12 years has been resolved.
The fifth part discusses Carter, Reagan and Bush Salvatore on government policy and the similarities and differences of the policy of Salvatore's influence. The author believes that in the different period, the three president of the United States of Salvatore's policies are not the same, but the goal is the same. They worked on Salvatore's policy is to protect the interests of the United States. The maintenance of American hegemony in the region, to prevent the Salvatore regime contrary to American values.
In addition, the United States of America small country Salvatore's excessive attention, also have adverse effects on the environment caused by the United States. Its diplomatic relations with Latin American countries nervous, Western European countries to the United States concern over Salvatore's dissatisfaction with the Salvatore problem. At the same time, also have a certain impact on American domestic politics.

【學位授予單位】：陜西師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D871.2

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