本文關鍵詞： 美國 歐加登 埃塞俄比亞 索馬里　出處：《陜西師范大學》2010年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】： 非洲之角地處印度洋、紅海和波斯灣交通要沖,有著極為重要的戰(zhàn)略地位。歐加登地區(qū)原屬索馬里,但由于西方殖民國家的侵略,19世紀末成為埃塞俄比亞的領土,也因此形成了所謂的歐加登問題。 歐加登戰(zhàn)爭是殖民地歷史遺留問題在冷戰(zhàn)背景下的產(chǎn)物,是冷戰(zhàn)史中一個不容忽視的環(huán)節(jié),因為它不僅夾雜著冷戰(zhàn)、殖民、宗教、民族、邊界等多重因素,還有蘇聯(lián)古巴的規(guī)模空前的軍事干預,美國在戰(zhàn)爭中的政策非常值得研究。但國內(nèi)至今還無比較詳細的專題研究,而國外對此問題則成果頗豐。本文即希望依據(jù)美國最新解密的檔案資料以及新近出版的蘇聯(lián)解密檔案,并借鑒國外和國內(nèi)的相關研究成果,對歐加登戰(zhàn)爭與美國的反應及政策做一初步探討,以全面再現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)爭的歷史進程,并窺探美國的冷戰(zhàn)全球戰(zhàn)略,進一步深化對冷戰(zhàn)歷史的研究。 全文由前言、正文及結束語三部分組成,其中正文部分共分三部分。 第一部分闡述了歐加登戰(zhàn)爭前美國對非洲之角的政策。1953年兩個軍事援助協(xié)議的簽訂確立了美國與埃塞俄比亞的軍事援助關系,之后艾森豪威爾政府先后出臺了NSC5615/1、NSC5903、NSC6028等一系列文件,把政策重心從埃塞俄比亞擴展為整個非洲之角,并開始強調(diào)意識形態(tài)和文化、信息的作用。美國在1964年歐加登沖突中拒絕援助埃塞俄比亞,之后卻加大了援助力度。隨著1969年西亞德上臺及蘇索的接近,美國又出臺了NSSM 115號文件與Response to NSSM 115號文件。埃塞俄比亞1974年革命后,美埃關系開始惡化。 第二部分分析論述了歐加登戰(zhàn)爭的進程及美國的反應及政策。歐加登戰(zhàn)爭全面爆發(fā)后不久美國便拒絕了之前對索馬里的武器承諾,采取中立和武器禁運政策。盡管面對著蘇聯(lián)古巴的大規(guī)模軍事干預,美國政府內(nèi)部分別以布熱津斯基和萬斯為首的全球主義和地區(qū)主義之爭日趨激烈,但卡特總統(tǒng)依然堅持長期戰(zhàn)略,并采取多邊外交行動促使戰(zhàn)爭和平解決。最終,沒有美國援助的索馬里不得不接受失敗的命運,撤出了歐加登。 第三部分是對美國在歐加登戰(zhàn)爭中政策的評析。美國在歐加登戰(zhàn)爭中的長期目標或者說根本目的是維持與埃塞俄比亞這一關鍵國家的關系,并消除蘇聯(lián)集團在非洲之角的影響,維護自己的戰(zhàn)略利益。戰(zhàn)爭中美國的政策達到了一定目的,但是還遠沒有能夠消除蘇聯(lián)集團的影響,美蘇在非洲之角的冷戰(zhàn)仍在繼續(xù)。分析中可以看出美國在戰(zhàn)爭中的政策是美國大戰(zhàn)略的具體體現(xiàn),同時該政策也是美國對第三世界政策的組成部分,是卡特政府“以水滅火“戰(zhàn)略的具體運用。文章最后總結了美國在戰(zhàn)爭中政策的兩個特點,即對多邊合作的高度重視和連續(xù)性。
[Abstract]:Located in the Indian Ocean, the Horn of Africa has an extremely important strategic position in the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. The Ogaden region originally belonged to Somalia, but was invaded by Western colonial powers. In late 19th century it became Ethiopian territory, creating the so-called Ogaden issue. The Ogaden War is the product of colonial problems left over from the background of the Cold War and a link in the history of Cold War, because it is not only mixed with many factors such as cold war, colonization, religion, nationality, border, and so on. There is also the Soviet Union Cuba unprecedented military intervention, the United States policy in the war is very worthy of study, but so far there is no domestic more detailed thematic study. This paper hopes to use the newly declassified archives of the United States and the newly published Soviet declassified archives, and draw lessons from the relevant research results both at home and abroad. This paper makes a preliminary discussion on the reaction and policy between the Ogaden War and the United States in order to comprehensively reproduce the historical process of the war, and to probe into America's global strategy of the cold war, and to further deepen the study of the history of the cold war. The full text consists of three parts: preface, text and conclusion, in which the text is divided into three parts. The first part describes the policy of the United States towards the Horn of Africa before the Ogaden War. The signing of the two military aid agreements in 1953 established the military aid relationship between the United States and Ethiopia. After that, the Eisenhower administration issued a series of documents such as NSC5615 / 1 / NSC5903 / NSC6028, which expanded the focus of policy from Ethiopia to the entire Horn of Africa. And began to stress the role of ideology and culture and information. The United States refused to assist Ethiopia during the Ogaden conflict in 1964. Then it stepped up aid, with Siad taking power in 1969 and Soso approaching. The United States also issued NSSM 115 and Response to NSSM 115. After Ethiopia's 1974 revolution, relations between the United States and Egypt began to deteriorate. The second part analyzes the process of the Ogaden War and the reaction and policy of the United States. Shortly after the full outbreak of the Ogaden War, the United States rejected its previous arms commitments to Somalia. Adopting a policy of neutrality and arms embargo. Despite the massive military intervention by the Soviet Union and Cuba, the United States government, led by Brzezinski and Vance, respectively, has become increasingly fierce over globalism and regionalism. But President Carter stuck to his long-term strategy and took multilateral diplomatic action to bring about a peaceful resolution of the war. In the end, Somalia, without U.S. aid, had to accept the fate of failure and withdraw from Ogaden. The third part is the analysis of the American policy in the Ogaden War. The long-term goal of the United States in the Ogaden War or the fundamental purpose is to maintain the relationship with Ethiopia as a key country. And to eliminate the influence of the Soviet bloc in the Horn of Africa to safeguard their own strategic interests. In the war, the United States policy achieved a certain purpose, but still far from eliminating the influence of the Soviet bloc. The Cold War of the United States and Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa is still going on. The analysis shows that the policy of the United States in the war is the concrete embodiment of the United States' grand strategy, and at the same time, the policy is also a component part of the policy of the United States towards the third world. It is the concrete application of Carter Administration's strategy of "extinguishing fire by water". At last, the article summarizes two characteristics of American policy in war, that is, attaching great importance to multilateral cooperation and continuity.
【學位授予單位】：陜西師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D871.20

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