本文關(guān)鍵詞： 馬克思 勞動 自由　出處：《遼寧大學(xué)》2015年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：馬克思自由觀是勞動自由觀,這一自由思想超越了西方兩千多年來理性主義自由觀的傳統(tǒng)。歷史已經(jīng)證明：單純通過排除感性的方法來實(shí)現(xiàn)理性自由只是一種虛假的自由,理性要獲得真正的自由就必須要以感性為基礎(chǔ),使理性回到人的身上成為感性活動的機(jī)能。因此,感性的自由才是人真正的自由,這一自由就是要確立人的感性活動的獨(dú)立性和自由個(gè)性。要想對感性的自由進(jìn)行徹底的分析,就必須要回到現(xiàn)實(shí)的物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)勞動那里,因?yàn)閯趧邮侨说囊磺懈行曰顒拥摹盎讟邮健�。近代啟蒙運(yùn)動的理性自由在現(xiàn)實(shí)上表現(xiàn)為“政治解放”,就是政治國家通過強(qiáng)制的方法排除一切現(xiàn)實(shí)差別而在政治生活中實(shí)現(xiàn)了公民權(quán)的自由,而現(xiàn)實(shí)的社會物質(zhì)生活仍然處于不自由之中,這種不自由集中表現(xiàn)在勞動受資本的異化。所以,如何使勞動從資本的統(tǒng)治下解放出來就成了自由的主題。馬克思以此展開了他的邏輯：勞動創(chuàng)造了人,勞動是人的本質(zhì)特性,勞動確證了人的主體性,因而具有主體性的人應(yīng)該是自由的。人本應(yīng)生而自由,但在現(xiàn)實(shí)中卻恰恰相反,人在勞動中并不是感覺到自由,而是感覺到普遍的不自由。為解決這一悖論,馬克思對不自由的原因進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)勞動在資本主義私有制下表現(xiàn)為異化勞動,要實(shí)現(xiàn)人的自由,必須要揚(yáng)棄異化勞動,而要揚(yáng)棄異化勞動,只有在勞動生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展到一定水平,在生產(chǎn)力與生產(chǎn)關(guān)系的矛盾運(yùn)動的中才能夠解決。正是在這個(gè)意義上,馬克思把勞動與人的自由聯(lián)系起來,從而引出了本文的核心思想——“勞動自由”所謂“勞動自由”就是使人的才能和自然稟賦在勞動中能夠得到充分的發(fā)揮,能夠使人的主體性在勞動中充分的體現(xiàn),人在勞動中確證自己的本質(zhì)與才能,人才能在勞動中得到樂趣,勞動才是快樂的。沒有自然和社會的條件強(qiáng)加給人的分工,只是簡單出自于人本身的意愿和興趣愛好,在這個(gè)時(shí)候人才是愉悅的,才能真正的實(shí)現(xiàn)自由。而這種自由如何實(shí)現(xiàn),只能通過勞動來促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展,超越資本主義歷史階段,消除資本主義私有制與異化勞動,使一切人獲得自由全面發(fā)展。由此可見,自由問題的解決關(guān)鍵在于解決異化勞動的問題,自由問題就會轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閯趧幼杂傻膯栴},只有從勞動入手才能解決自由問題�？梢哉f,勞動自由思想承載馬克思的最高社會理想和價(jià)值關(guān)懷。本文將以“馬克思勞動自由觀”為題,在解讀馬克思的論著基礎(chǔ)上,厘定了馬克思勞動自由觀的理論來源,梳理了勞動自由觀的形成過程,闡述了勞動自由的內(nèi)涵,明晰了實(shí)現(xiàn)勞動自由的途徑。
[Abstract]:Marx's concept of freedom is the view of labor freedom. This free thought surpasses the tradition of the western rationalism free view for more than 2,000 years. History has proved that the realization of rational freedom is only a kind of false freedom through the elimination of sensibility. If reason wants to obtain real freedom, it must be based on sensibility and make rational return to human body become the function of perceptual activity. Therefore, the freedom of sensibility is the real freedom of human being. This freedom is to establish the independence of human perceptual activities and free personality. In order to thoroughly analyze the perceptual freedom, we must return to the real material production labor. Because labor is the "basic style" of all perceptual activities of human beings, the rational freedom of the modern Enlightenment is manifested as "political liberation" in reality. It is that the political state realizes the freedom of civil rights in political life by means of compulsion to eliminate all the practical differences, while the real social material life is still not free. Therefore, how to liberate labor from the rule of capital became the theme of freedom. Marx carried out his logic: Labor created man. Labor is the essential characteristic of human beings, and labor confirms the subjectivity of human beings. Therefore, people with subjectivity should be free. People should be born free, but in reality, on the contrary, people do not feel freedom in labor. In order to solve this paradox, Marx analyzed the causes of non-freedom, and found that labor was manifested as alienated labor under capitalist private ownership and human freedom should be realized. It is in this sense that we must sublate the alienated labor and abandon the alienated labor only when the labor productivity develops to a certain level and the contradiction between the productive forces and the relations of production can be solved. Marx linked labor with human freedom, thus leading to the core idea of this article-"labor freedom" so called "labor freedom" is to enable people's talent and natural endowment in the labor can be fully played. Can make the human subjectivity in the labor fully manifest, in the labor, the person confirms own essence and the ability, the human ability obtains the pleasure in the labor. Work is happy. There is no natural and social conditions imposed on the division of labor, but simply out of the person's own will and interests, at this time talent is happy. Only through labor to promote the development of productive forces, beyond the historical stage of capitalism, to eliminate capitalist private ownership and alienation of labor. It can be seen that the key to solve the problem of freedom lies in solving the problem of alienation of labor, and the problem of freedom will be transformed into the problem of freedom of labor. Only from labor can we solve the problem of freedom. It can be said that the thought of labor freedom carries Marx's highest social ideal and value concern. Based on the interpretation of Marx's works, this paper defines the theoretical sources of Marx's concept of labor freedom, combs the forming process of the concept of labor freedom, expounds the connotation of labor freedom, and clarifies the ways to realize it.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：A811

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