本文選題：青銅器　切入點：早期秦文化　出處：《西北大學》2010年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】： 秦歷經(jīng)弱小到強大,最后建立了中國歷史上第一個統(tǒng)一的、多民族的中央集權制國家。在這一過程中,早期秦人所做出的貢獻是不容忽視的,早期秦文化也因此成為考古界關注的熱點問題之一。 秦早期青銅器是早期秦文化的重要組成部分,特別是青銅兵器,不僅能夠揭示秦早期青銅冶鑄技術的發(fā)展情況,也可反映出秦早期軍事、政治和文化交流情況。本文利用科技方法研究秦早期青銅器,從金相組織、合金配比和鉛同位素比值方面,對其制作工藝特點和技術發(fā)展情況進行探討,為早期秦文化的深入研究提供重要參考依據(jù)。 秦人早期活動空間主要集中在西犬丘(西垂)、秦、lg、lg渭之會、平陽、雍等地,該區(qū)域是早期秦文化的發(fā)源和生長地。本文選擇甘肅東部隴南、天水和陜西西部長隴地區(qū)和寶雞地區(qū)出土的青銅器作為研究對象,能夠相對準確地反映秦早期青銅文化的特點。 青銅樣品的金相和合金配比顯示：1)青銅兵器含Sn量在10～18%,含Pb量在2.12-9.83%,金相組織為鑄造態(tài),與其它地區(qū)青銅器相類似。實驗數(shù)據(jù)表明,早期秦人已經(jīng)掌握了制作青銅兵器的關鍵技術；2)鳳翔出土銅建筑構(gòu)件含銅量在73-83%之間,含錫量在10-18%之間,含鉛量在1%-10%之間,為鉛錫銅三元合金,表明秦人在當時已經(jīng)認識到含錫量在10～18%時的青銅,具有最佳的硬度和抗拉強度。 微量元素分析顯示四個地區(qū)的青銅器中的微量元素無顯著差異,說明禮縣、隴縣、寶雞和鳳翔四地的青銅器可能使用了地質(zhì)狀況相同或相近的銅礦,也進一步說明秦早期青銅文化從西周到東周都可能開采著相同銅礦,具有一定的連續(xù)性。 鉛同位素比值關系圖顯示：四地的樣品有一定重疊,重疊區(qū)域涵蓋了寶雞樣品；隴縣樣品一部分分布在重疊區(qū)下方,禮縣樣品則一部分分布在重疊區(qū)上方,表明兩者既使用相同的鉛礦,也使用著異地鉛礦；鳳翔樣品的鉛同位素比值范圍涵蓋了其它地區(qū)樣品,表明鳳翔在春秋時期已經(jīng)成為秦人的政治和經(jīng)濟中心。 研究成果揭示出早期秦人的青銅冶鑄業(yè)已經(jīng)相當發(fā)達,很可能開發(fā)了甘肅東部秦嶺山帶中豐富的鉛、銅礦資源,擁有獨立的礦冶和青銅制造業(yè),已經(jīng)掌握了先進的青銅制作技術,尤其是青銅兵器制作技術。這個結(jié)論具有重要的考古學意義,它顯示出秦人從西周到東周期間一直掌握著青銅冶鑄技術,控制著所需的原料礦源,為秦人由弱變強,逐步地向東擴展勢力提供了必要的資源和技術保障。 拉曼光譜分析結(jié)果表明,青銅器內(nèi)部的夾雜顆粒包括PbC03、PbO、Cu20和C,PbCO3和PbO是鉛兩種重要的碳酸鹽和氧化物,揭示出鉛的腐蝕過程Pb→PbO→PbC03。拉曼光譜分析證明,樣品金相結(jié)構(gòu)中的圓形暗灰色顆粒為Cu20,可能是鑄造時或后期腐蝕的產(chǎn)物。 此外,本文選擇了秦早期青銅器作為研究對象,利用科技手段系統(tǒng)地研究了一大批青銅樣品,在國內(nèi)外尚屬先例。在研究方法上,將激光剝蝕等離子體質(zhì)譜儀引入青銅器微量元素無損檢測之中,同時利用激光拉曼技術研究金相組織夾雜物,這些嘗試有利于青銅器研究方法的發(fā)展。 限于本人的水平、樣品量和文獻的不足,尚未能對更多的問題進行展開探討。特別是有關秦早期礦料的礦源問題,還需進一步認真探討。希望本文能夠起到拋磚引玉的作用,吸引更多的人關注和研究早期秦文化。
[Abstract]:From the weak to the powerful, Qin finally established the first unified multi-ethnic centralization system in Chinese history. In this process, the contributions made by the early Qin people can not be ignored. Early Qin culture has also become one of the hot issues in archaeology.
Early Qin bronze is an important part of the early Qin culture, especially the development of bronze weapons, they not only reveal the early Qin bronze smelting technology, but also reflect the early Qin military, political and cultural exchanges. The research of the early Qin Bronze by science and technology, from the microstructure, and the ratio of lead isotope ratios of alloy the fabrication process, characteristics and development of the technology are discussed, providing an important reference for the study of early Qin culture.
Early space Qin mainly concentrated in the West dog Hill (xichui), Qin, LG, Pingyang LG Wei, Yong, and other places, the region is the early Qin culture originated and developed. This paper chooses Gansu in eastern Longnan, Western Shaanxi and Tianshui unearthed Changlong area and Baoji area as bronze the object of study, which can reflect the characteristics of the early Qin bronze culture is relatively accurate.
Metallographic and alloy composition bronze samples showed: 1) bronze weapons Sn content in 10 ~ 18%, the content of Pb in 2.12-9.83%, as cast microstructure, similar to the rest of the bronze. The experimental data show that the early Qin people have mastered the key technology of bronze weapon making; 2) unearthed in Fengxiang copper copper the amount of building components between 73-83%, tin content between 10-18%, lead content in the 1%-10% for three yuan, tin copper alloy, that at the time of Qin people have recognized the tin content in 10 ~ 18% bronze, has the best hardness and tensile strength.
Trace element analysis showed that the trace elements in four areas of the bronze in the show no significant difference, Lixian, Longxian, Baoji and Fengxiang and four bronzes may use the same or similar geological conditions of copper ore, it further illustrates that the early Qin bronze culture from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty may have the same copper mining, is continuous.
Lead isotope ratio diagram shows: four samples have some overlap, the overlap region covers the Baoji Longxian part of the distribution of samples; samples below in the overlapping area, Lixian and some samples in the distribution above the overlap area, show that both use the same lead, but also use different lead; lead isotope ratios of Fengxiang samples the other area that covers the sample, Fengxiang has become a political and economic center of the Qin people in the spring and Autumn period.
The result of the research reveals that the people in early Qin Dynasty bronze smelting industry has developed considerably, probably developed a rich Eastern Gansu Qinling Mountains orogenic belt in the lead, copper, and bronze metallurgy manufacturing industry has independent, has mastered the advanced production technology of bronze, especially the bronze weapons. This conclusion is of significance to the archaeology. It shows that during the period of Qin Zhou from the Western Zhou Dynasty to hold bronze smelting technology, control of raw ore source required for Qin people, from weak to strong, and gradually extended to the East power to provide the necessary resources and technical support.
Raman spectra analysis results show that the inclusions of bronze inside including PbC03, PbO, Cu20 and C, PbCO3 and PbO are two important kinds of lead carbonate and oxide, reveals that the analysis of lead corrosion process of Pb - PbO - PbC03. Raman spectroscopy, samples of metallographic structure in the circular dark grey particles Cu20, may be a product casting or later corrosion.
In addition, this paper chooses the early Qin bronze as the research object, the use of science and technology were studied by means of a large number of bronze samples at home and abroad. In the research method, the laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry of trace elements into bronze nondestructive testing, at the same time using laser Raman technique study of microstructure of inclusions, these attempts have development for bronze research methods.
I am limited to the level of insufficient sample volume and literature, not yet be able to more problems are discussed. Especially the ore source problems related to mine materials in early Qin period, need to be further discussed seriously. I hope this article can play a role, attract more attention and research in the early Qin culture.

【學位授予單位】：西北大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K876.41

【引證文獻】

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1 付倩麗;張尚欣;金普軍;孫偉剛;夏寅;;新豐秦墓出土青銅器腐蝕狀態(tài)初步研究[J];文博;2011年06期

相關博士學位論文 前1條

1 胡保華;中國北方出土先秦時期銅矛研究[D];吉林大學;2011年

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1 賈璐;周秦青銅紋飾數(shù)字化研究與傳播[D];陜西科技大學;2012年

2 王冰;東周時期秦國青銅器紋飾研究[D];陜西師范大學;2012年

3 李增輝;熔煉工藝對鑄造鋁青銅合金的微觀組織與硬度的影響[D];長春理工大學;2012年

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本文編號：1560663