【摘要】：本文試圖探究領(lǐng)土爭端對中印、印巴國家間安全與合作的影響。從歷史上講，中印和印巴的領(lǐng)土爭端是殖民時(shí)代的遺產(chǎn)，這一遺產(chǎn)已經(jīng)在雙邊安全關(guān)系與發(fā)展前景方面深刻而嚴(yán)峻地影響到上述國家間關(guān)系。中印是兩大新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體。他們分別是世界上第一和第二人口與勞動(dòng)力大國。兩國擁有廣袤的領(lǐng)土和漫長的共有邊界。考慮到地理上的臨近與各自的規(guī)模，兩國在多個(gè)領(lǐng)域存在雙邊合作與沖突。與中國、印度一道，巴基斯坦也是一個(gè)很重要的地區(qū)力量，它雖然在人口和領(lǐng)土規(guī)模上不及中印，但是巴基斯坦對兩國的影響不容小視。巴基斯坦的戰(zhàn)略決定或多或少地受到中印地區(qū)戰(zhàn)略走向的影響。 自上世紀(jì)四十年代末建立現(xiàn)代國家以來，中印巴三國就陷入了領(lǐng)土與邊界爭端，并導(dǎo)致三國在安全領(lǐng)域的競爭。1962年中印邊界戰(zhàn)爭以后，巴基斯坦便在1963年同中國簽署邊界協(xié)議，以和平友善的方式解決了邊界問題。但是，中印與印巴之間的領(lǐng)土沖突依舊存在，這兩對關(guān)系分別發(fā)生的戰(zhàn)爭嚴(yán)重影響了雙邊關(guān)系。但是，在冷戰(zhàn)后特別是一進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)，中印關(guān)系重新出現(xiàn)了新的轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)。盡管領(lǐng)土問題依舊有待解決，中印已經(jīng)將精力投入在兩國睦鄰友好與關(guān)系正常化上，而非擴(kuò)大沖突。這為世界和平帶來了一個(gè)好兆頭，因?yàn)橹杏≡诮?jīng)濟(jì)政治與社會(huì)方面都具有影響全球的潛力。 本文從建構(gòu)主義的視角，特別是從領(lǐng)土爭端的角度，分析了中印和印巴關(guān)系，并強(qiáng)調(diào)阻礙印巴之間的合作中思維、建構(gòu)出的敵對的口號以及假想敵的作用。從另外一個(gè)角度，中印之間這些人為的、單方面的、自我美化的思維，并沒有造成那么嚴(yán)重的影響。因此，我們的主要目的是分析在這兩對關(guān)系中思維的力量在起何種重要性的作用？中印之間在后冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)代，從“沖突”模式“合作——沖突”模式轉(zhuǎn)變的原因是什么？為什么世界政治的變化以及全球化、開放市場的力量不能對印巴關(guān)系產(chǎn)生與中印關(guān)系相似的影響？通過建構(gòu)主義的研究，這些同樣變量不同結(jié)果的問題得到了較為妥當(dāng)?shù)慕忉尅?在國際關(guān)系中，采取行動(dòng)的前提是分析現(xiàn)狀。而現(xiàn)狀具有關(guān)于行為體的兩大特點(diǎn)：第一是他們自身的身份及利益，這些可以反映出他們在面對現(xiàn)狀時(shí)的狀態(tài)；第二是他們對其他行為體行為的預(yù)判，而這些又決定了他們對敵對行為體身份和利益的認(rèn)定。以印巴兩國內(nèi)生性的具有對抗性的歷史遺產(chǎn)以及長期以來沖突的身份為基礎(chǔ)，通過創(chuàng)造一種懷疑與誤解的氣氛，印巴兩國的雙邊關(guān)系是顯而易見的。論文的解釋框架是基于如下觀點(diǎn)：印巴之間不斷變化的認(rèn)同，，正處于一個(gè)沖突的秩序中，這是因?yàn)槠潆p邊關(guān)系因?yàn)轭I(lǐng)土爭端對國家間安全與合作的決策過程造成的嚴(yán)重后果而不能產(chǎn)生聚合力。對于印巴兩國的雙邊關(guān)系，其現(xiàn)狀是由行為體自身的身份與利益，以及行為體對其他行為體身份與利益的理解決定的。 建構(gòu)主義解釋了中印之間展開合作的過程中有關(guān)于身份和利益的觀念的力量，盡管領(lǐng)土爭端很難解決但是這是可以管控的。中印之間的低政治，例如在貿(mào)易與全球治理方面，帶來的頻繁的會(huì)晤憑借著其較輕的復(fù)雜性，成為了兩國合作的促進(jìn)性因素。而這一現(xiàn)象在印巴之間貌似并不能行得通，關(guān)于恐怖主義、孟買事件、兩國之間信息互聯(lián)以及商業(yè)領(lǐng)域談判，巴基斯坦認(rèn)為如果不解決克什米爾問題，這些問題是不能接受的。 本文揭示了中印關(guān)系解凍背后的原因主要是兩國在國家利益、愿景、現(xiàn)狀與對未來的展望方便不斷互相靠近。同樣地，國內(nèi)的需求也促使兩國站在避免發(fā)生沖突的同一立場。許多其他因素，比如處于發(fā)展中國家的狀態(tài)、國家認(rèn)同與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長使中印面臨著相同的處境。同樣重要的是，除了1962年戰(zhàn)爭，中印之間沒有歷史包袱。而巴基斯坦卻與印度沒有持續(xù)的和平，并蓄意訴諸暴力。兩國之間雙邊的敵對狀態(tài)受到激進(jìn)因素的推動(dòng)，他們對戰(zhàn)爭與仇恨從來沒有厭倦。 印巴的領(lǐng)土爭端很大程度上源于英國統(tǒng)治被過于草率地從印度驅(qū)離。英國統(tǒng)治給兩個(gè)臨近國家留下了克什米爾這樣一個(gè)難題。因此，自從兩國成為現(xiàn)代民族國家后，印巴在卡爾吉爾進(jìn)行了三次全面戰(zhàn)爭和一次有限戰(zhàn)爭，并發(fā)現(xiàn)其自身正處于一個(gè)安全悖論中。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，兩國都意識到了領(lǐng)土爭端的具有傷害性的僵局，但是伴隨著歷史痛苦記憶的信任赤字使兩國關(guān)系停滯不前。1997年，巴基斯坦新政權(quán)上臺后，開始恢復(fù)對話進(jìn)程（CDP），并在1998年印巴兩國分別進(jìn)行了核試驗(yàn)后簽署了拉合爾宣言，但是由于兩國根深蒂固的認(rèn)同沖突，兩國關(guān)系并沒有什么進(jìn)展。除此之外，隨著21世紀(jì)到來，兩國恢復(fù)關(guān)系的新的努力在進(jìn)行著，阿格拉峰會(huì)顯現(xiàn)出一些希望，但并沒有什么實(shí)際進(jìn)展。 見證了連年不斷的對抗與競爭，CDP在2004年再一次重啟，建立了一些信任建立措施（CBM’s），啟動(dòng)了二軌外交，并且加強(qiáng)了民眾之間的聯(lián)系以重新利用公民社會(huì)之間溝通的積極角色，這一角色曾經(jīng)被2008年11月的孟買危機(jī)所破壞。持續(xù)并加劇印巴領(lǐng)土爭端以及兩國正面沖突的根源是共同的殖民歷史、可以追溯至穆斯林入侵的痛苦的歷史記憶,激進(jìn)的宗教，以及相互沖突的國家認(rèn)同。所有這些因素造成了印巴兩國持久的對抗，由于兩國沒有進(jìn)行關(guān)系正�；突謴�(fù)邦交，兩國一直沒有建立統(tǒng)一立場。 值得注意的是，中印兩國在成為主權(quán)國家之初就顯露出友好的雙邊關(guān)系，“中印兩國親如兄弟”（Hindi-Cheeni bhai bhai）回蕩在亞洲地區(qū)，但是及至1950年代中，受到領(lǐng)土問題的影響，兩國由友好轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閿硨�。兩國都嘗試解決這一問題，但是很不幸的是，當(dāng)時(shí)的環(huán)境并不允許兩國這么做。于是，最終爆發(fā)了1961年中印邊界戰(zhàn)爭，為兩國對抗打下了基礎(chǔ)。但是盡管領(lǐng)土爭端在持續(xù)，兩國間的敵意與敵對性的競爭關(guān)系并不能取代兩國合作的潛質(zhì)，兩國間也已在多項(xiàng)議題上達(dá)成一致，為兩國之間的合作提供一個(gè)發(fā)展的機(jī)會(huì)。 結(jié)論部分，文章指出，后冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)代中印關(guān)系見證了一個(gè)面向未來的融冰的進(jìn)程——英吉拉·甘地訪華期間，確定了將領(lǐng)土問題置于兩國間事務(wù)的次要地位。這里有必要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，中國和印度擁有領(lǐng)土爭端的原因是這些領(lǐng)土爭端涉及到本文所討論的安全問題，但是中印之間的領(lǐng)土爭端的正面沖突烈度并沒有印巴之間強(qiáng)烈，因?yàn)橹杏蓢谡巍⑼饨�、�?jīng)濟(jì)、軍事、防務(wù)與多邊對話等領(lǐng)域確實(shí)存在合作。相比之下，由于統(tǒng)一權(quán)力的真空，印巴一直忽視兩國的地區(qū)利益與合作，兩國陷入了復(fù)雜的安全迷局，并用沖突、不信任、懷疑和恐懼的思維建構(gòu)對方的形象。對于印度，歷史的開伯爾綜合征抵制任何制造和平的單邊主義行動(dòng)，而對于巴基斯坦，安全困境阻止了其消除對印度的悲觀情緒。
[Abstract]:This paper attempts to explore the effect of territorial dispute on security and cooperation between China and India and between the two countries. Historically, the territorial disputes between China and India and India and Pakistan are the legacy of the colonial era, which has a profound and severe impact on the inter-State relations in the context of bilateral security and development prospects. China and India are two emerging economies. They are the world's first and second population and labor power, respectively. The two countries have a vast territory and a long common border. The two countries have bilateral cooperation and conflict in many fields, taking into account the geographical proximity and their respective size. Pakistan, together with China and India, is also an important regional force, which, though not as large as China and India in terms of population and territory, is incumbent upon Pakistan to influence the two countries. Pakistan's strategic decision is more or less affected by the strategic direction of the China-India region. Since the establishment of the modern state in the late 1940s, the three countries of China and Pakistan have been in the territory and the border dispute, and have led to the three countries' competition in the security field. After the 1962 border war, Pakistan signed a border association with China in 1963. In a peaceful and friendly way, the border question was settled However, the conflict between China and India is still in existence, and the war between the two pairs of relations has seriously affected the bilateral close. However, after the cold war, especially in the new century, the Sino-Indian relations have a new turn. China and India have devoted its energy to the normalization of good-neighborly and friendly relations between the two countries, not the expansion of the two countries, despite the fact that the problem remains to be solved. The process has brought about a good sign for world peace, as China and India have a potential for global potential in both the economic and social aspects This paper analyzes the relations between China and India from the perspective of constructivism, especially from the angle of territorial dispute, and emphasizes the obstacles to the thinking, the construction of the hostile slogans and the false thought of the enemy in the cooperation between the two countries. From another point of view, these man-made, unilateral, self-glorified thinking between China and India is not as serious as that. So, our main purpose is to analyze the importance of the power of thinking in these two pairs of relationships The role of China and India in the post-cold-war era, the reason for the transition from the "conflict"-mode "Cooperation _ Conflict" mode What is that? Why is the change of the world politics and the globalization of the world, the strength of the open market cannot be similar to the Sino-Indian relationship The effect of the different results of these same variables is more appropriate through the study of constructivism an explanation of action. In international relations, the premise of taking action The present situation has two main characteristics: first is their own identity and interests, which can reflect their status in the face of the present situation, and the second is their prejudgement on the behavior of other actors, which in turn determine their identity and identity to the hostile actors. The determination of the interests of the two countries is based on the historical heritage of the two countries and the identity of the long-term conflict, and by creating a climate of suspicion and misunderstanding, the two countries have bilateral relations. It is clear that the framework for the interpretation of the paper is based on the view that the ever-changing identity between India and Pakistan is in a conflict order because of the serious consequences of the territorial dispute over the decision-making process of security and cooperation among States The status quo of the bilateral relations between the two countries is the identity and interests of the actors themselves, as well as the identity and interests of the actors to other actors. Understanding the decision. The constructivism explains the power of the concept of identity and interests in the process of cooperation between China and India, although the territorial dispute is hard to solve, This is manageable. The low politics between China and India, for example, in the area of trade and global governance, have brought together frequent meetings with the light complexity of the two countries -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The issue is unacceptable. The reason behind the unfreezing of Sino-Indian relations is the two countries' national interests, vision, current situation and future exhibition. In the same way, domestic demand has also prompted the two countries to stand in a position to avoid The same position of conflict. Many other factors, such as the status of developing countries, national identity and economic growth, This is the same situation. It is also important that, in addition to the 1962 war, There is no historical burden between India and India, and Pakistan is not consistent with India. The state of hostility between the two countries has been driven by radical factors, and they are in war with the war hatred has never been fed up. The territorial dispute between India and Pakistan is largely due to British rule To drive out of India over the grass. The British rule left two neighbouring countries. This is a difficult problem in Kashmir. As a result, since the two countries have become a modern nation, India and Pakistan have carried out three full-scale wars and a limited war in Calciel, and found it self-evident The two countries are in a safe paradox. Further studies have found that both countries are aware of the nociceptive impasse in the territorial dispute, but the trust deficit accompanying the painful memory of history has stalled the relations between the two countries. In 1997, after the new regime in Pakistan came to power, it began. The resumption of the dialogue process (CDP) and the signing of the Lahore Declaration after the nuclear tests conducted by the two countries in 1998, but as a result of the deep-rooted identity conflicts between the two countries, In addition, with the arrival of the 21st century, the new efforts of the two countries to resume their relations have been in progress, and the Aguela summit is showing some hope But there's no real progress. It's been a witness of an ever-growing confrontation and competition. CDP has been restarted in 2004, and a number of confidence-building measures (CBM's) have been set up, two-track diplomacy has been launched, and contacts between the people have been strengthened for reuse The positive role of communication between civil society, which has been 200 The destruction of the Mumbai crisis in November of August. The persistence and intensification of the dispute between the two countries and the root causes of the two-State conflict are the common colonial history, which can be traced back to the historical memory of the suffering of the Muslim invasion and the radical All of these factors have led to a lasting confrontation between the two countries and the normalization of relations and the restoration of diplomatic relations between the two countries. The two countries have not established a unified stand. It is worth noting that the two countries have shown friendly bilateral relations at the beginning of a sovereign state, and that the "The two countries of China and India are brothers" (Hindi-Cheni bhai) is in the region, but in the 1950s, the two countries were asked by the Territory. The two countries have both tried to solve the problem, but it is unfortunate that the two countries try to solve the problem. At that time, the circumstances did not allow the two countries to do so. Then, the two countries finally broke out of China and India in 1961 "The border war has laid the foundation for the confrontation between the two countries, but the two countries have agreed on a number of issues, even though the territorial dispute is continuing and the hostile and hostile competition between the two countries cannot replace the potential for cooperation between the two countries." The paper points out that the relationship between the post-cold-war era and the post-cold-war era has witnessed the process of a future-oriented ice-melting process. It is necessary to stress that the territorial disputes between China and India are related to the security issues discussed in this article, but the positive impact of the territorial dispute between China and India is not strong between India and Pakistan. The two countries are in the political, diplomatic, economic, military, In contrast, as a result of the vacuum of the unified authority, the two countries have been ignoring the regional interests and cooperation of the two countries, and the two countries are in a complex security and confusion, and they are not convinced by the conflict To construct the image of the other by the thought of any, doubt, and fear. For India, the history of the open-edge syndrome is a resistance to any unilateralism in the manufacture of peace, and for Pakistan, Ann
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D822.335.1;D835.3

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本文編號：2511074