宋代特奏名制度研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-11-08 15:06
【摘要】：宋代社會統(tǒng)治者推行的是"重文抑武"的治國策略,在宋代讀書、科考成為眾多士人學(xué)子們的唯一選擇,因此,宋代作為科舉發(fā)展的鼎盛時期,宋代社會也被稱為"科舉社會"。科舉制度發(fā)展到宋代一朝,變得更加制度化,也更加完備化。宋統(tǒng)治者大開科舉之門,擴大科舉取士的人數(shù),因此,放寬了科舉考試的考生資格限制,宋代統(tǒng)治者無論是從考試的內(nèi)容還是考試的程序上,都做了制度化的規(guī)定,并在實踐中不斷加以調(diào)整和完善。宋代在擴大科舉取士的同時,也廣開恩科。特奏名制度作為宋代科舉中的一種恩科制度,也是一個僅存在于宋代的特殊存在,對更好的研究和把握宋代科舉社會的內(nèi)容具有較高的研究價值。特奏名制度的創(chuàng)立和實施有其特定的社會歷史因素,從社會大背景來說,是宋代建國者在汲取歷史經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)的基礎(chǔ)上踐行"重文抑武"的治國的策略的具體措施,是科舉取士制度成為大家普遍認(rèn)可的選才制度的主流文化的應(yīng)運而生,是宋代社會經(jīng)濟文化發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果;從統(tǒng)治集團來講,是維護和鞏固統(tǒng)治地位的必要手段,是籠絡(luò)和安撫士人學(xué)子,緩和社會矛盾的懷柔政策,是推行社會教化,形成良好風(fēng)尚的有效措施;從社會大眾角度來講,是他們實現(xiàn)入仕為官的可取途徑,是他們苦讀經(jīng)書、參加科考的動力。特奏名制度的考生的資格條件是在滿足正奏名的基礎(chǔ)上,根據(jù)考生的年齡和積累的舉數(shù)而予以賜名。考生獲得賜名時大都年老,甚至有的考生至死都未能達(dá)到特奏名制度的舉數(shù)要求。特奏名制度的創(chuàng)立和實施在宋代社會產(chǎn)生了重要的影響。從積極的一方面來看,它維護和鞏固了趙宋王朝的統(tǒng)治地位,為統(tǒng)治者廣羅天下賢才治士,安撫和籠絡(luò)籠絡(luò)天下士人學(xué)子的心,極大地緩和了社會矛盾,維護了社會安穩(wěn),也促進了宋代民間社會建設(shè)和文化教育的發(fā)展,增強了國家整體的凝聚力和向心力,吸引力。但是,特奏名制度的實施也不可避免地帶來了一些問題,它使士人學(xué)子們開始不務(wù)實學(xué),虛度年華,形成了墮化的社會風(fēng)氣,另外,特奏名取士人數(shù)的增多也加劇了宋代"冗員冗官"的弊端,獲得特奏名賜名的又都是年邁無實學(xué)之人,導(dǎo)致宋代官僚隊伍的素質(zhì)低下。因此,本文對特奏名制度的創(chuàng)立背景緣由,以及其制度設(shè)計與歷史影響進行了較為詳細(xì)全面的分析,力求客觀了解和把握特奏名制度,從而形成一個對特奏名制度較為公正理性的認(rèn)識。這對我們更好地了解宋代社會以及科舉制度有著極大的幫助。對我們在當(dāng)下如何實現(xiàn)古為今用,更好地做到"取其精華,去其糟粕",從歷史過往經(jīng)驗中借鑒可行性的啟示有著重要的指導(dǎo)意義。
[Abstract]:The social rulers of the Song Dynasty carried out the strategy of "emphasizing literature and suppressing military force". In the Song Dynasty, the scientific examination became the only choice for many scholars. Therefore, the Song Dynasty was the heyday of the imperial examination. The society of Song Dynasty is also called "imperial examination society". The imperial examination system developed to the Song Dynasty and became more institutionalized and more complete. The rulers of the Song Dynasty opened the door of the imperial examinations and expanded the number of candidates for the imperial examinations. Therefore, the qualifications of candidates for the imperial examinations were relaxed, and the rulers of the Song Dynasty made institutionalized provisions in terms of both the contents of the examinations and the procedures of the examinations. And in practice to constantly adjust and improve. Song Dynasty in the expansion of the imperial examination of scholars, but also wide Enke. As a kind of Enke system in the imperial examination of Song Dynasty, the special name system is also a special existence which only exists in the Song Dynasty, which has higher research value to better study and grasp the content of the imperial examination society in the Song Dynasty. The establishment and implementation of the special name system has its specific social and historical factors. From the social background, it is a concrete measure for the founding of the Song Dynasty to practice the strategy of "emphasizing literature and suppressing military force" on the basis of drawing the historical experience and lessons. It is the emergence of the mainstream culture of the system of selecting talents, which is generally accepted by all, and the inevitable result of the development of social economy and culture in the Song Dynasty. As far as the ruling group is concerned, it is a necessary means to maintain and consolidate its dominant position, a policy of conciliating and appeasing scholars and easing social contradictions, and an effective measure to carry out social education and form a good style of conduct. From the point of view of the public, it is the desirable way for them to become an official, and the motive force for them to study the classics and participate in the scientific examination. The qualification condition of the examinee in the special name system is to give the name according to the examinee's age and the accumulated number on the basis of satisfying the positive name. Most of the candidates were old when they were given names, and even some failed to meet the requirements of the special name system to death. The creation and implementation of the special name system had an important influence on the society of Song Dynasty. On the positive side, it safeguarded and consolidated the ruling position of the Zhao and Song dynasties, provided the rulers with a wide range of talents and talents to govern the world, appeased and won over the minds of scholars, greatly eased social contradictions and maintained social stability. It also promoted the construction of civil society and the development of culture and education in Song Dynasty, and strengthened the cohesion, centripetal force and attraction of the whole country. However, the implementation of the special name system inevitably brought about some problems. It made scholars begin to study unpragmatically, wasted their lives, and formed a social atmosphere that had fallen out. In addition, The increase in the number of special names also aggravated the "redundant officials" in the Song Dynasty, and the people who got the special names were all old people without practical knowledge, which led to the low quality of the bureaucracy in the Song Dynasty. Therefore, this paper makes a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the background of the establishment of the system, as well as its system design and historical influence, in order to understand and grasp the system objectively. In order to form a more fair and rational understanding of the special name system. This is of great help to us to better understand the Song Dynasty society and the imperial examination system. It is of great significance for us to use the past for the present, to take the essence and discard the dregs, and to draw lessons from the historical experience.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D691.3
本文編號：2318842
[Abstract]:The social rulers of the Song Dynasty carried out the strategy of "emphasizing literature and suppressing military force". In the Song Dynasty, the scientific examination became the only choice for many scholars. Therefore, the Song Dynasty was the heyday of the imperial examination. The society of Song Dynasty is also called "imperial examination society". The imperial examination system developed to the Song Dynasty and became more institutionalized and more complete. The rulers of the Song Dynasty opened the door of the imperial examinations and expanded the number of candidates for the imperial examinations. Therefore, the qualifications of candidates for the imperial examinations were relaxed, and the rulers of the Song Dynasty made institutionalized provisions in terms of both the contents of the examinations and the procedures of the examinations. And in practice to constantly adjust and improve. Song Dynasty in the expansion of the imperial examination of scholars, but also wide Enke. As a kind of Enke system in the imperial examination of Song Dynasty, the special name system is also a special existence which only exists in the Song Dynasty, which has higher research value to better study and grasp the content of the imperial examination society in the Song Dynasty. The establishment and implementation of the special name system has its specific social and historical factors. From the social background, it is a concrete measure for the founding of the Song Dynasty to practice the strategy of "emphasizing literature and suppressing military force" on the basis of drawing the historical experience and lessons. It is the emergence of the mainstream culture of the system of selecting talents, which is generally accepted by all, and the inevitable result of the development of social economy and culture in the Song Dynasty. As far as the ruling group is concerned, it is a necessary means to maintain and consolidate its dominant position, a policy of conciliating and appeasing scholars and easing social contradictions, and an effective measure to carry out social education and form a good style of conduct. From the point of view of the public, it is the desirable way for them to become an official, and the motive force for them to study the classics and participate in the scientific examination. The qualification condition of the examinee in the special name system is to give the name according to the examinee's age and the accumulated number on the basis of satisfying the positive name. Most of the candidates were old when they were given names, and even some failed to meet the requirements of the special name system to death. The creation and implementation of the special name system had an important influence on the society of Song Dynasty. On the positive side, it safeguarded and consolidated the ruling position of the Zhao and Song dynasties, provided the rulers with a wide range of talents and talents to govern the world, appeased and won over the minds of scholars, greatly eased social contradictions and maintained social stability. It also promoted the construction of civil society and the development of culture and education in Song Dynasty, and strengthened the cohesion, centripetal force and attraction of the whole country. However, the implementation of the special name system inevitably brought about some problems. It made scholars begin to study unpragmatically, wasted their lives, and formed a social atmosphere that had fallen out. In addition, The increase in the number of special names also aggravated the "redundant officials" in the Song Dynasty, and the people who got the special names were all old people without practical knowledge, which led to the low quality of the bureaucracy in the Song Dynasty. Therefore, this paper makes a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the background of the establishment of the system, as well as its system design and historical influence, in order to understand and grasp the system objectively. In order to form a more fair and rational understanding of the special name system. This is of great help to us to better understand the Song Dynasty society and the imperial examination system. It is of great significance for us to use the past for the present, to take the essence and discard the dregs, and to draw lessons from the historical experience.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D691.3
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